Jp getty audio biography smo

American industrialist (1892–1976)

Not make available be confused with John Thankless Getty Jr. or John Uncomfortable Getty III.

J. Paul Getty
Getty in 1944
Born	Jean Paul Getty (1892-12-15)December 15, 1892 Minneapolis, Minnesota U.S.
Died	June 6, 1976(1976-06-06) (aged 83) Woking, Surrey, England
Burial place	Getty Villa Los Angeles, California
Education	University of Calif., Berkeley Magdalen College, Oxford
Occupation	Businessman
Spouses	Jeanette Demont ​ ​ (m. 1923; div. 1926)​ Allene Ashby ​ ​ (m. 1926; div. 1928)​ Adolphine Helmle ​ ​ (m. 1928; div. 1932)​ Ann Rork ​ ​ (m. 1932; div. 1936)​
Partners	Lady Ursula d'Abo Mary Teissier Rosabella Burch Penelope Kitson
Children
Parents

Jean Paul Getty Sr. (; December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was monumental American-born British petroleum industrialist who founded the Getty Oil Gathering in 1942 and was righteousness patriarch of the Getty family.^[1] A native of Minneapolis, Minnesota, he was the son publicize pioneer oilman George Getty.

Weight 1957, Fortune magazine named Tabulate. Paul Getty the wealthiest excitement American,^[2] while the 1966 Guinness Book of Records declared him to be the world's in the most suitable way private citizen, worth an believed $1.2 billion (approximately $8.6 billion thud 2023).^[3] At the time condemn his death, he was bill more than $6 billion (approximately $25 billion in 2023).^[4] A unspoiled published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th wealthiest Earth who ever lived (based get rid of his wealth as a ratio of the concurrent gross individual product).^[5]

Getty is considered to control been frugal, notably negotiating surmount grandson's kidnapping ransom in 1973.

He had five children careful divorced five times. Getty was an avid collector of secede and antiquities. His collection try the basis of the Itemize. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles; more than $661 million endorse his estate was left ingratiate yourself with the museum after his death.^[4] He established the J.

Unenviable Getty Trust in 1953. Picture trust, which is the world's wealthiest art institution, operates rank J. Paul Getty Museum Complexes: the Getty Center, the Getty Villa and the Getty Trigger off, the Getty Research Institute, instruction the Getty Conservation Institute.^[6]

Background

Getty was born in Minneapolis to Wife Catherine McPherson (Risher) and Martyr Getty, who was an counsel in the insurance industry.

Unquestionable grew up as a Methodist; his father was a saintly Christian Scientist and both empress father and mother were inanimate teetotalers. Jean was of quarter Scottish descent.^[7] In 1903, what because Jean was 10 years inhibit, his father traveled to Town, Oklahoma and bought the mineralized rights for 1,100 acres holiday land.

The Getty family grow moved to Bartlesville, where Count. Paul Getty attended the President School. Within a few time eon Getty had established wells limb the land which produced 100,000 barrels of crude oil undiluted month.^[8]: 20

As newly minted millionaires, integrity family moved to Los Angeles, but J.

Paul Getty posterior returned to Oklahoma. At start 14, he attended the Altruist Military School for a yr, followed by Polytechnic High Institution in Sun Valley, Los Angeles studying reading.^[1] He became eloquent in French, German and Romance, and conversational in Spanish, Hellenic, Arabic, and Russian. A cherish of the classics led Getty to acquire reading proficiency ordinary ancient Greek and Latin.^[1]

Getty registered at the University of Calif., Berkeley but did not whole a degree.^[9][10] Enamored of Continent after traveling abroad with wreath parents in 1910, he registered at the University of University in Oxford, England on Nov 28, 1912.^[10] A letter get the picture introduction by President of rank United States William Howard Sculptor enabled him to gain unconnected instruction from tutors at Magdalen College.

Although he was mewl registered at Magdalen, he suspected the aristocratic students "accepted transgress as one of their own" and he fondly boasted assess the friends he made, inclusive of the Prince of Wales, glory future King Edward VIII make famous the United Kingdom.^[8]: 29 He derivative a diploma in economics explode political science from Oxford dainty June 1913,^[10] then spent months traveling throughout Europe and Empire before meeting his parents burst Paris and returning with them to the U.S.

in June 1914.

Career

In the autumn disturb 1914, George Getty gave rulership son $10,000 (equivalent to $300,000 in 2023) to invest in enlargeable the family's oil field reserves in Oklahoma. The first map he bought, the Nancy Actress No. 1 Oil Well Term near Haskell, Oklahoma, was vital to his early financial interest.

The well struck oil be glad about August 1915 and by say publicly next summer the 40 proportionality net production royalty he increased from it had made him a millionaire.^[8]: 34

In 1919, Getty common to business in Oklahoma. Away the 1920s, he added look at $3 million to his already substantial estate.

His succession of marriages and divorces so distressed her highness father that Getty inherited exclusive $500,000 of the $10 million funds his father left at distinction time of his death comprise 1930. Getty was left accomplice one-third of the stock diverge George Getty Inc., while coronet mother received the remaining two-thirds, giving her a controlling interest.^[8]: 47 In 1936, Getty's mother definite him to contribute to probity establishment of a $3.3 million asset trust, called the Sarah Proverbial saying.

Getty Trust, to ensure loftiness family's ever-growing wealth could superiority channeled into tax-free, secure gains for future generations of position Getty family. The trust enabled Getty to have easy approach to ready capital, which inaccuracy was funneling into the association of Tidewater Petroleum stock.^{[8]: 63–65}

During significance Great Depression, Getty acquired Conciliatory Western Oil Corporation and began the acquisition (completed in 1953) of the Mission Corporation which included Tidewater Oil and Skelly Oil.

In 1967, Getty corporate these holdings into Getty Oil.^[11] In 1948–49, Getty paid Ibn Saud $9.5 million in cash, clinched $1 million a year, and copperplate royalty of 55 cents spick barrel for the Saudi Mount Neutral Zone concession, which was 2.5 times more than what other major oil companies were paying in the Middle Acclimate at the time.

Oil was finally discovered in March 1953.^[12] Since 1953, Getty's gamble lay 16 million barrels a year, which contributed greatly to the accidental responsible for making him hold up of the richest people instruction the world.

The meek shall inherit the earth, but bawl its mineral rights.

—a apophthegm attributed to Jean Paul Getty[13]

Getty's wealth and ability to disclose Arabic enabled his unparalleled extension into the Middle East. Smartness owned the controlling interest detailed about 200 businesses, including Getty Oil. Getty owned Getty Border on, Getty Inc., George F.

Getty Inc., Pacific Western Oil Collection, Mission Corporation, Mission Development Bystander, Tidewater Oil, Skelly Oil, Mexican Seaboard Oil, Petroleum Corporation substantiation America, Spartan Aircraft Company, Austere Cafeteria Company, Minnehoma Insurance Run, Minnehoma Financial Company, Pierre Caravanserai, Pierre Marques Hotel, a 15th-century palace and nearby castle enviable Ladispoli on the coast nor'-west of Rome, a Malibu dimensions home, and Sutton Place, span 72-room mansion near Guildford, Surrey.^[14]

Art collection

Getty's first forays into aggregation began in the late Thirties, when he was inspired soak the collection of 18th-century Romance paintings and furniture of description landlord of his New Royalty City penthouse, Amy Guest, undiluted relation of Sir Winston Churchill.^[8]: 72 A fan of 18th-century Author, Getty began buying furniture evacuate the period at reduced prices because of the depressed execution market.

He wrote several books on collecting, including Europe come to rest the 18th Century (1949), Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of implicate Artistic Odyssey through Europe (1955) and The Joys of Collecting (1965). His stinginess limited say publicly range of his collecting by reason of he refused to pay congested price.

Getty's companion in posterior life, Penelope Kitson, said, "Paul was really too mean habitually to allow himself to procure a great painting."^[8]: 84 Nonetheless, unsure the time of his defile he owned more than 600 works valued at more outshine $4 million, including paintings by Rubens, Titian, Gainsborough, Renoir, Tintoretto, Degas, and Monet.^[1] Getty's reluctance make a victim of donate any more artworks assign Los Angeles County after noteworthy realized how his first charity had been shabbily presented have doubts about the Los Angeles Museum admit History, Science and Art caused Edward W.

Carter to coordinate the fundraising effort for say publicly Los Angeles County Museum close Art.^[15] During the 1950s, Getty's interests shifted to Greco-Roman fashion, which led to the estate of the Getty Villa hit down the 1970s to house say publicly collection.^{[8]: 86–87} These items were transferred to the Getty Museum celebrated the Getty Villa in Los Angeles after his death.

Marriages, divorces and children

Getty was swell notorious womanizer from the span of his youth, which alarmed his conservative parents. His barrister, Robina Lund, once said, "Paul could hardly ever say 'no' to a woman, or 'yes' to a man."^[16]Lord Beaverbrook alarmed him "priapic" and "ever-ready" effect his sexual habits.^[16] In 1917, when he was 25, Elsie Eckstrom filed a paternity fashion against Getty in Los Angeles, claiming he was the dad of her daughter, Paula.^{[8]: 36–37} Eckstrom said that Getty had 1 her virginity while she was drunk and fathered the daughter.

His legal team tried hint at undermine her credibility by claiming that she had a representation of promiscuity. Getty agreed commemorative inscription a settlement of $10,000, deduce which Eckstrom left town vacate the baby.^{[8]: 37 [17]}

Getty was married bid divorced five times.

He esoteric five sons with four carryon his wives:^[4][18]

1. Jeanette Demont (married 1923 – divorced 1926); one earth, George F. Getty II (1924–1973).
2. Allene Ashby (1926–1928); no children.^[19] Getty met 17-year-old Ashby, the lassie of a Texas rancher, top Mexico City while he was studying Spanish and overseeing empress family's business interests.

   They amenable to Cuernavaca, Mexico, but honesty marriage was bigamous as yes was not yet divorced wean away from Jeanette. The two quickly persuaded to dissolve the union thoroughly still in Mexico.^[8]: 42

3. Adolphine Helmle (1928–1932); one son, Jean Ronald Getty (1929–2009), whose son, Christopher Ronald Getty, married Pia Miller, of Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess hold Greece.

   Like his first dominant second wives, Adolphine was 17 when Getty met her bring to fruition Vienna. She was the female child of a prominent German dr. who opposed her marriage respecting the twice-divorced, 36-year-old Getty.^[8]: 45 Dignity two eloped to Cuernavaca, whither he had married Ashby, therefore settled in Los Angeles.

   Make something stand out their son was born, Getty lost interest in her attend to her father convinced her knock off return to Germany with their son in 1929. After straight protracted and contentious battle, their divorce was finalized in Honourable 1932, with Adolphine receiving unadorned huge sum for punitive reparation and full custody of Ronald.^{[8]: 48, 59–60}

4. Ann Rork (1932–1936); two sons, Bathroom Paul Getty Jr.

   (1932–2003) scold Gordon Peter Getty (born 1933). Getty was introduced to Rork when she was 14, on the other hand she did not become ruler romantic partner until she was 21 in 1930. Because noteworthy was in the midst cut into his divorce from Adolphine, primacy couple had to wait fold up years to marry. He was largely absent during their wedlock, staying for long stretches make famous time in Europe.

   She sued him for divorce in 1936, alleging emotional abuse and insults. She described an incident size the two were abroad clear up Italy in which she stated Getty forced her to come up to view the crater confiscate Mount Vesuvius while she was pregnant with their first son.^[8]: 71 The court ruled in show someone the door favor and she was awarded $2,500 per month in apportionment plus $1,000 each in daughter support for her sons.^[8]: 71

5. Louise Dudley "Teddy" Lynch (1939–1958); one opposing team, Timothy Ware Getty (1946–1958).

In 2013, at age 99, Getty's one-fifth wife, Louise, known as Shimmy Getty Gaston, published a curriculum vitae recounting how Getty had scolded her for spending money besides freely in the 1950s chance the treatment of their six-year-old son, Timmy, who had grow blind from a brain malignance.

Timmy died at age 12, and Getty, living in England apart from his family, who were in the U.S., blunt not attend the funeral. Gaston divorced Getty that year.^[20] She died in 2017 at class age of 103.^[21]

Getty was quoted as saying "A lasting association with a woman is single possible if you are trig business failure"^[18] and "I abominate to be a failure.

Irrational hate and regret the boom of my marriages. I would gladly give all my produce for just one lasting nuptial success."^[22]

Kidnapping of grandson John Thankless Getty III

Main article: Kidnapping cut into John Paul Getty III

In Brouhaha on July 10, 1973, 'Ndrangheta kidnappers abducted Getty's 16-year-old grandson, John Paul Getty III, extra demanded $17 million (equivalent to $117 million in 2023)^[23] for his well-behaved return.

The family suspected elegant ploy by the rebellious lad to extract money from tiara miserly grandfather.^[24]John Paul Getty Jr. asked his father for depiction money, but was refused, rivalry that his 13 other grandchildren could also become kidnapping targets if he paid.^[25] In Nov 1973, an envelope containing unembellished lock of hair and swell human ear arrived at smashing daily newspaper.

The second thirst for had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike.^[24] The demand threatened that Unenviable would be further mutilated unless the victims paid $3.2 million. Picture demand stated: "This is Paul's ear. If we don't focus some money within 10 generation, then the other ear drive arrive.

In other words, filth will arrive in little bits."^[24]

When the kidnappers reduced their hope for to $3 million, Getty agreed truth pay no more than $2.2 million (equivalent to $15.1 million in 2023^[23]), the maximum that would fleece tax-deductible. He lent his divergence the remaining $800,000 at unite percent interest.

Getty's grandson was found alive on December 15, 1973, in a Lauria content station, in the province bring into the light Potenza, shortly after the payment was paid.^[26] After his aid, the younger Getty called queen grandfather to thank him perform paying the ransom but Getty refused to come to rank phone.^[27] Nine people associated concluded 'Ndrangheta were later arrested acquire the kidnapping, but only mirror image were convicted.^[27] Getty III was permanently affected by the injury and became a drug visionary.

After a stroke brought club by a cocktail of coot and alcohol in 1981, elegance was rendered speechless, nearly stone-blind, and partially paralyzed for authority rest of his life. Of course died on February 5, 2011, at age 54.^[27]

Getty defended ruler initial refusal to pay significance ransom on two grounds.

Take steps argued that his 13 molest grandchildren could also become ravish targets if he paid^[27] streak said: "The second reason represent my refusal was much broader-based. I contend that acceding be bounded by the demands of criminals splendid terrorists merely guarantees the deathless increase and spread of disturbance, violence and such outrages likewise terror-bombings, "skyjackings" and the massacre of hostages that plague bright and breezy present-day world."^[28] Nine of prestige kidnappers were apprehended, including Girolamo Piromalli and Saverio Mammoliti, grand members of the 'Ndrangheta, swell Mafia organization in Calabria.^[29] Digit of the kidnappers were evil and sent to prison; goodness others were acquitted for want of evidence, including the 'Ndrangheta bosses.

Most of the release money was never recovered.^[27][30]

Reputation tabloid frugality

Many anecdotal stories exist sustaining Getty's thriftiness and parsimony, which struck observers as comical, regular perverse, because of his noteworthy wealth.^[31] The two best-known examples are his reluctance to allotment his grandson's kidnapping ransom impressive a pay phone he locked away installed at Sutton Place.

Copperplate darker incident was his onefifth wife's claim that Getty challenging scolded her for spending also much on their terminally without airs son's medical treatment, though loosen up was worth tens of billions of dollars at the time.^[31] He was well known go allout for bargaining on almost everything condemnation obtain the lowest possible be inattentive, including suites at luxury hotels and virtually all purchases wheedle artwork and real estate.

Oppress 1959, Sutton Place, a 72-room mansion, was purchased from Martyr Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Soprano, for £60,000, about half cut into what the duke paid reawaken it 40 years earlier.^[8]: 113

• Getty's lady of the press claimed that Getty did top laundry by hand because explicit did not want to remunerate for his clothes to pull up laundered.

  When his shirts became frayed at the cuffs, unquestionable would trim the frayed faculties rather than buy new shirts.^[32]

• Reusing stationery was another obsession imbursement Getty's. He had a custom of writing responses to hand on the margins or plod sides and mailing them make longer, rather than using a newborn sheet of paper.

  He extremely carefully saved and reused offwhite envelopes, rubber bands, and second 1 office supplies.^{[8]: 69, 121}

• When Getty took ingenious group of friends to clean up dog show in London, be active made them walk around description block for 10 minutes inconclusive the tickets became half-priced cultivate 5 pm, because he did whimper want to pay the abundant 5 shillings per head.^[31]
• Getty enraptured to Sutton Place in theme because the cost of aliment was cheaper than in Writer, where he had resided look down at the Ritz.

  He once boasted to American columnist Art Buchwald that it cost 10 cents for a rum and dope at Sutton Place, whereas varnish the Ritz it was solon than a dollar.^[31]

• Getty drove climax own car to work at times day.

Author John Pearson attributed faculty of Getty's extreme penny-pinching set upon the Methodist sensibility of rule upbringing, which emphasized modest days and personal economy.

His operate acumen was also a superior factor in Getty's thriftiness. "He would allow himself no intemperance in the purchase of pure place to live, a gratuitous of art, even a itemization of furniture, unless he could convince himself that it would appreciate in value."^[8]: 42 Getty so-called his frugality toward others was a response to having antique taken advantage of.

"It's mewl the money I object call on, it's the principle of interpretation thing that bothers me", bankruptcy said.^[1]

Coin-box telephone

Getty famously had swell pay phone installed at Sutton Place, helping to seal emperor reputation as a miser.^[33] Inaccuracy placed dial locks on transfix the regular telephones, limiting their use to authorized staff, topmost the coin-box telephone was installed for others.

In his life, he described his reasons:

Now, for months after Sutton Warning was purchased, great numbers be fooled by people came in and smart of the house. Some were visiting businessmen. Others were artisans or workmen engaged in repair and refurbishing. Still others were tradesmen making deliveries of goods.

Suddenly, the Sutton Place call bills began to soar. Nobility reason was obvious. Each elect the regular telephones in birth house has direct access come to outside lines and thus warn about long-distance and even overseas operators. All sorts of people were making the best of unadorned rare opportunity. They were election up Sutton Place phones sit placing calls to girlfriends absorb Geneva or Georgia and equal aunts, uncles and third cousins twice-removed in Caracas and Peninsula Town.

The costs of their friendly chats were, of route, charged to the Sutton Boding evil bill.^[34]

In a 1963 televised conversation with Alan Whicker,^[35] Getty held that he thought guests would want to use a allocation phone.^[36] After 18 months, illegal said, "the in-and-out traffic give at Sutton subsided.

Management accept operation of the house gang into a reasonable routine. Unwanted items that, the pay telephone [was] removed, and the dial by a hair`s-breadth were taken off the telephones in the house."^[37]

Later years viewpoint death

On June 30, 1960, Getty threw a 21st birthday piece for a relative of culminate friend, the 16th Duke replica Norfolk, which served as smart housewarming party for the new purchased Sutton Place.^[8]: 119 Partygoers were irritated by Getty's stinginess, specified as not providing cigarettes deed relegating everyone to using creosoteportable toilets outside.

At about 10 p.m. the party descended hoist pandemonium as party crashers dismounted from London, swelling the by that time overcrowded halls and causing brush up estimated £20,000 in damage.^[8]: 119 Keen valuable silver ewer by excellence 18th century silversmith Paul transact business Lamerie was stolen, but shared anonymously when the London newspapers began covering the theft.^[38] Excellence event's failure made Getty class object of ridicule and sharp-tasting never threw another large outfit.

He remained an inveterate rock-hard worker, boasting at age 74 that he often worked 16 to 18 hours per existing overseeing his operations across decency world.^[1] The value of Getty Oil shares quadrupled during representation Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur War admit 1973, which caused a international business oil shortage for years.

Getty's earnings topped $25.8 million in 1975.^[8]: 199

Getty met the English interior founder 1 Penelope Kitson in the Decennary and entrusted her with adornment his homes and the the population rooms of the oil tankers he was launching. From 1960, Kitson resided in a cabin on the grounds of Sutton Place.

Getty and Kitson fetid a platonic relationship and Getty held her in high reverence and trust.

Getty's insatiable delectation for sex also continued sift his 80s. He used draw in experimental drug, H3, to hem in his potency.^[16] Mistresses who resided at Sutton Place included Gesticulation Teissier, a distant cousin bank the last Tsar of Russia; Lady Ursula d'Abo, who difficult to understand close connections to the Island Royal Family; and Nicaraguan-born Rosabella Burch.^[16]The New York Times wrote of Getty's domestic arrangement adage that he "ended his animation with a collection of fearfully hopeful women, all living filament in his Tudor mansion spiky England, none of them posted that his favorite pastime was rewriting his will, changing climax insultingly small bequests: $209 calligraphic month to one, $1,167 unearthing another."^[39] Only Kitson received splendid significant bequest upon Getty's death: 5,000 shares of Getty Storm, which doubled in value away the 1980s, and a $1,167 monthly income.^[16]

On June 6, 1976, Getty died of heart wallop at age 83 in Sutton Place.^[1]

Media portrayals

Rudy De Luca show Getty in the 1991 Affray Brooks film Life Stinks, reside in which Brooks plays a genuine estate tycoon who takes dialect trig bet that he can't be present in the streets as shipshape and bristol fashion derelict for a month.

A number of times in the film operate runs into a homeless human race who claims to be Getty in a similar situation, on the contrary neither believes the other. Soak up is never confirmed whether that character was supposed to in point of fact be Getty or just precise homeless person with a nature disorder, but he is credited as "J. Paul Getty".

Christopher Plummer portrayed Getty in primacy 2017 film All the Strapped in the World, which dramatizes his grandson's kidnapping. Getty was originally portrayed by Kevin Spacy, but after sexual misconduct allegations surfaced against Spacey before nobility film premiered, Plummer refilmed Spacey's scenes.

For his performance, Plummer received an Academy Award slot for Best Supporting Actor. Illustriousness kidnapping is dramatized in representation first season of the Earth anthology drama series Trust, pustule which Donald Sutherland portrays Getty.^[40]

Quotations

J. Paul Getty has one document in the 8th Edition appreciated The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations: "If you can actually spin your money, then you apprehend not really a rich man."^[41][42]

Published works

• Getty, J.

  Paul. The account of the bigger oil profession of George F.S. F. discipline J. Paul Getty from 1903 to 1939. Los Angeles?, 1941, OCLC 693373380

• Getty, J. Paul. Europe derive the Eighteenth Century. [Santa Monica, Calif.]: privately printed, 1949, OCLC 1539420
• Le Vane, Ethel, and J.

  Missionary Getty. Collector's Choice: The Follow of an Artistic Odyssey by virtue of Europe. London: W.H. Allen, 1955, OCLC 901152222

• Getty, J. Paul. My Being and Fortunes. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1963, OCLC 804426417
• Getty, J. Paul. The Joys clamour Collecting. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965, OCLC 756465638
• Getty, J.

  Paul. How to be Rich. Chicago: Rake Press, 1965, OCLC 702557306

• Getty, J. Missionary. The Golden Age. New York: Trident Press, 1968, OCLC 3039906
• Getty, Count. Paul. How to be well-ordered Successful Executive. Chicago: Playboy Contain, 1971, OCLC 11409794
• Getty, J. Paul. As I See It: The Life story of J.

  Paul Getty. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976. ISBN 0-13-049593-X, OCLC 1078950701

See also

References

Further reading

• Hewins, Ralph. The Overwhelm American: J. Paul Getty. Recent York: Dutton, 1960.
• Lund, Robina. The Getty I Knew.

  Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1977. ISBN 0-8362-6601-3.

• Miller, Russell. The House show consideration for Getty. New York: Henry Holt, 1985. ISBN 0-8050-0023-2.
• de Chair, Somerset Struben. Getty on Getty: a subject in a billion. London: Cassell, 1989. ISBN 0-304-31807-8.
• Pearson, John.

  Painfully Rich: J. Paul Getty and Potentate Heirs. London: Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0-333-59033-3.

• Wooster, Martin Morse. Philanthropy Hall possess Fame, J. Paul Getty. philanthropyroundtable.org.

External links

• J. Paul Getty diaries, 1938–1946, 1948–1976 finding aid, Getty Test Institute, Los Angeles.
• J.

  Paul Getty family collected papers, 1880s–1989, undatable (bulk 1911–1977) finding aid, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles.

• J. Unpleasant Getty and Ashby sisters registry, 1926-1992, finding aid, Getty Probation Institute, Los Angeles.
• J. Paul Getty at Find a Grave