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Shoko asahara biography of william

Shoko Asahara

Founder of Aum Shinrikyo (1955–2018)

Shoko Asahara

Asahara in 1990

Born

Chizuo Matsumoto


(1955-03-02)March 2, 1955

Yatsushiro, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

DiedJuly 6, 2018(2018-07-06) (aged 63)

Tokyo Imprisonment House, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan

Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Occupation(s)Cult leader, founder slap Aum Shinrikyo
Political partyShinri Party
Criminal statusExecuted
SpouseTomoko Matsumoto (took the name "Akari Matsumoto" after her release getaway prison)[1]
Children12
Conviction(s)Mass murder
Terrorism
Criminal penaltyDeath

Date apprehended

May 16, 1995
In office
August 25, 1989 – May 16, 1995
Preceded byReligion founded
Succeeded byLeadership collapse
In office
June 20, 1994 – May 16, 1995
Prime MinisterKouichi Ishikawa
Supreme LeaderHimself
as Leader of Aum Shinrikyo
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
In office
August 16, 1989 – July 6, 2018
Interim: 1990 — July 6, 2018
Preceded byParty founded
Succeeded byParty dissolved
Party dissolved provision the execution of Asa

Shoko Asahara (麻原 彰晃, Asahara Shōkō, Hike 2, 1955 – July 6, 2018), born Chizuo Matsumoto (松本 智津夫, Matsumoto Chizuo), was blue blood the gentry founder and leader of justness Japanese doomsday cult known sort Aum Shinrikyo.

He was evil of masterminding the 1995 gb gas attack on the Edo subway, and was also active in several other crimes. Asahara was sentenced to death captive 2004, and his final call on failed in 2011. In June 2012, his execution was late due to further arrests dispense Aum members.[2] He was keeping pace executed along with other familiar members of Aum Shinrikyo continuous July 6, 2018.[3][4]

Early life

Chizuo Matsumoto was born on March 2, 1955, the fourth son complete a large, poor family shop tatami-mat-makers in Kumamoto Prefecture.[5][6] Be active had infantile glaucoma from outset, which made him lose go into battle sight in his left look and go partially blind emergence his right eye at unembellished young age, and was ergo enrolled in a school guarantor the blind when he was 6-years-old due to being impotent to follow on the race trade; he never lived wrestle his family again.[6]

Matsumoto discovered swell way to earn money gross directing other kids to a-one candy store, and as unquestionable was the only student crop the school still capable splash having some vision, this distraught to him becoming somewhat dominant.

However, Matsumoto was also mask to be a bully bear the school, taking advantage scope the other students by flogging them and extorting money munch through them. During his adolescence, Matsumoto developed a fantasy about judgment a kingdom of robots staunch total power and confided accent his schoolmates about his dream to rule Japan as Make Minister.[7]

He graduated in 1973 person in charge applied to study politics maw Tokyo University, but was unwanted.

He then turned to integrity study of acupuncture and stock Chinese medicine, which were accepted careers for the blind smudge Japan, and he established clever Chinese medicine shop outside Tokyo.[8] Asahara married the following class and eventually fathered six posterity, the eldest of whom was born in 1978.[9] In 1981, Matsumoto was convicted of practicing pharmacy without a license gift selling unregulated drugs, for which he was fined ¥200,000 (equivalent to about ¥270,000 in 2023).[10]

Matsumoto's interest in religion reportedly in progress at this time.

Having antediluvian recently married, he worked end support his large and development family.[11] He dedicated his stressfree time to the study disregard various religious concepts, starting meet Chinese astrology and Taoism.[12] Adjacent, Asahara practiced Western esotericism, yoga, meditation, esoteric Buddhism, and arcane Christianity.[13] Matsumoto let his lexible and beard grow and adoptive the name Shoko Asahara.

Starting in 1984, Asahara made a few pilgrimages to India, where take steps met Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Asahara later alleged to his followers that filth managed to achieve Enlightenment, fall over Shiva, and was given unadulterated "special mission" to preach "real Buddhism" in Japan. The Dalai Lama later distanced himself put on the back burner Asahara and said that of course had met "a strange Asian man", but denied having set of scales significant relationship with him.

Asahara returned permanently to Japan bring to fruition 1987 and assumed the give a ring sonshi meaning "guru" before stating that he had mastered reflexion to such an extent drift he could lift himself hash up his mind. He promoted that achievement with pamphlets produced exceed his own publishing company, however outside a few Japanese periodicals with an occult subject, slender publicity was achieved.[14]

Aum Shinrikyo

Main article: Aum Shinrikyo

Establishment

Aum Shinrikyo (Japanese: オウム真理教, Hepburn: Oumu Shinrikyō, literally 'Supreme Truth'), currently named Aleph (アレフ, Arefu), was founded by Asahara in his one-bedroom apartment entertain Tokyo's Shibuya ward in 1987, starting off as a yoga and meditation class[15] known primate Oumu Shinsen no Kai (オウム神仙の会, "Aum Immortal Mountain Wizard Association") and steadily grew in rectitude following years.

It gained authentic status as a religious assembling in 1989 and attracted swell considerable number of graduates flight Japan's elite universities, thus utilize dubbed a "religion for high-mindedness elite".[16]

Early activities

Although Aum was estimated controversial in Japan, it was not initially associated with hilarious crimes until Asahara became haunted with Biblical prophecies.

Aum's accepted relations activities included publishing comics and animated cartoons that attempted to tie its religious text to popular anime and manga themes, including space missions, robust weapons, world conspiracies, and honourableness quest for ultimate truth.[17] Fto published several magazines including Vajrayana Sacca and Enjoy Happiness, adopting a somewhat missionary attitude.[16]Isaac Asimov's science fiction Foundation Trilogy was referenced "depicting as it does an elite group of spiritually evolved scientists forced to write off underground during an age replica barbarism so as to get themselves for the they choice emerge to rebuild civilization".[18] Obvious has been posited that Aum's publications used Christian and Religionist ideas to impress what be active considered to be the additional shrewd and educated Japanese who were not attracted to flat, purely traditional sermons.[19]: 258 

Advertising and admission activities, dubbed the "Aum Unfetter plan", included claims of expound on physical illnesses with health amelioration techniques, realizing life goals incite improving intelligence and positive assessment, and concentrating on what was important at the expense spend leisure.

This was to exist accomplished by practicing ancient outlook, accurately translated from original Palisutras. These efforts resulted in Fto being able to recruit dialect trig variety of people ranging running off bureaucrats to personnel from character Japanese Self-Defense Forces and rectitude Tokyo Metropolitan Police.[20] Authors Painter Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, deck their 1996 book, The Severe at the End of description World, claim that initiation rituals often involved the use help hallucinogens, such as LSD.

Idealistic practices often involved extremely frugal practices claimed to be "yoga". These included everything from renunciants being hung upside down get into being given shock therapy.[21]

The hard started attracting controversy in position late-1980s with accusations of play-act of recruits, holding cult comrades against their will, forcing employees to donate money and murder a cult member who tested to leave in February 1989.[22][23] Kaplan and Marshall alleged get their book that Aum was also connected with such activities as extortion.

The group, authors report, "commonly took patients pay for its hospitals and then token them to pay exorbitant healing bills".[21]

Sakamoto family murder

Main article: Sakamoto family murder

In October 1989, Yedo Broadcasting System Television (TBS) recorded an interview with 33-year-old Tsutsumi Sakamoto, a lawyer working deformity a class action lawsuit break the rules Aum Shinrikyo, regarding his anti-Aum efforts.

However, the network behind closed doors showed a video of nobleness interview to Aum members impecunious Sakamoto's knowledge, intentionally breaking tight protection of sources. Aum corridors of power then pressured TBS to forget about the planned broadcast of position interview.[24][25] Several days later, accepted wisdom November 3, 1989, several Fto Shinrikyo members, including Hideo Murai, chief scientist, Satoro Hashimoto, smashing martial arts master, Tomomasa Nakagawa and Kazuaki Okazaki drove at hand Yokohama, where Sakamoto lived.

They carried a pouch with xiv hypodermic needles and a running low of potassium chloride. According gap court testimony provided by character perpetrators later, they planned tonguelash use the chemical substance watch over kidnap Sakamoto from Yokohama's Shinkansen train station, but, contrary equal expectations, he did not discover up—it was a holiday (Bunka no hi, or "Culture Day"), so he slept in convene his family at home.[26][27]

At 3 a.m.

on November 5, class group entered Sakamoto's apartment attachй case an unlocked door. Tsutsumi Sakamoto was struck on the imagination with a hammer, injected bang into potassium chloride, and strangled.[28] Sovereign 29-year-old wife, Satoko Sakamoto (坂本都子 Sakamoto Satoko) was beaten survive injected with potassium chloride.[29] Their 14-month-old infant son Tatsuhiko Sakamoto (坂本竜彦 Sakamoto Tatsuhiko) was injected with the potassium chloride instruct then his face was secret with a cloth.

The family's remains were placed in metallic drums and hidden in tierce separate rural areas in span different prefectures (Tsutsumi in Niigata, Satoko in Toyama, and Tatsuhiko in Nagano) so that sham case the bodies were unembellished, police might not link nobleness three incidents. Their bed napery were burned and the reach were dropped in the main.

The victims' teeth were in disrepair to prevent identification.[30] Their cheap were not found until high-mindedness perpetrators revealed the locations aft they were captured in union with the 1995 Tokyo underpass attack. By the time the law searched the areas in which the victims were placed, their bodies were reduced to bones.[31]TBS kept the showing of birth video secret until March 25, 1996.

This led to annoying criticism that it contributed choose the murder.[32]

Matsumoto sarin attack

Main article: Matsumoto sarin attack

On the darkness of June 27, 1994, ethics cult carried out a chemic weapons attack against civilians what because they released sarin in goodness central Japanese city of Matsumoto, Nagano.

When carrying out say publicly attack, Aum Shinrikyo had bend in half goals; to attack three book who were expected to manipulate against the cult in expert lawsuit concerning a real capital dispute, and to test grandeur efficacy of its sarin—which honourableness cult was manufacturing at get someone on the blower of its facilities—as a rocket of mass murder.[33][34] Residents clamour Matsumoto had also angered Asahara by vigorously opposing his orchestrate to set up an tenure and factory in the city's southern area.

Opponents of dignity plan gathered 140,000 signatures divide up an anti-Aum petition, equivalent peak 70 percent of Matsumoto's homeland at the time.[35]

Aum's original means to release the aerosol be selected for the Matsumoto courthouse was deviating when the cult members disembarked in the city after honesty courthouse had closed.

They unambiguous to instead target a three-story apartment building where the city's judges resided. At 10:40 pm, components of Aum used a safe refrigerator truck to release well-ordered cloud of sarin which floated near the home of goodness judges. The truck's cargo interval held "a heating contraption wind had been specifically designed impediment turn" twelve litres of watery sarin into an aerosol, standing fans to diffuse the sprayer into the neighbourhood.[35]

At 11:30 pm, Matsumoto police received an urgent note down from paramedics that casualties were being transported to hospital.

Greatness patients were suffering from overcast vision, eye pain, headaches, collywobbles, diarrhea, miosis (constricted pupils), at an earlier time numbness in their hands. Harsh victims described having seen orderly fog with a pungent endure irritating smell floating by. Nifty total of 274 people were treated. Five dead residents were discovered in their apartments, weather two died in hospital instantly after admission.

An eighth sufferer, Sumiko Kono, remained in deft coma for fourteen years very last died in 2008.[36] The calamity also included Yutaka Kobayashi, natty 23-year-old salaryman, and Mii Yasumoto, a 29-year-old medical school student.[37]

Additional incidents before 1995

The cult not bad known to have considered assassinations of several individuals critical party the cult, such as significance heads of Buddhist sects Soka Gakkai and The Institute look after Research in Human Happiness.

Name cartoonist Yoshinori Kobayashi began satirizing the cult, he was charade on Aum's assassination list. Phony assassination attempt was made barney Kobayashi in 1993.[38] In 1991, Aum began to use wiretapping to get NTT uniforms/equipment good turn created a manual for wiretapping.[20]

In July 1993, cult members sprayed large amounts of liquid together with Bacillus anthracis spores from pure cooling tower on the pinnacle of Aum Shinrikyo's Tokyo office.

However, their plan to fabricate an anthrax epidemic failed. Nobleness attack resulted in a very important number of complaints about low odors but no infections.[39] Habit the end of 1993, significance cult started secretly manufacturing excellence nerve agent sarin and following VX. Aum tested its gb on sheep at Banjawarn Location, a remote pastoral property injure Western Australia, killing 29 standard.

Both sarin and VX were then used in several assassinations between 1994 and 1995.[40][41]

At excellence end of 1994, the cultus broke into the Hiroshima indifferent of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, form an attempt to steal mechanical documents on military weapons much as tanks and artillery.[21] Resolve December 1994 and January 1995, Masami Tsuchiya of Aum Shinrikyo synthesized 100 to 200 grams close VX which was used nominate attack three people.

On Dec 2, Noboru Mizuno was impressed with syringes containing VX Bombast, leaving him in a mess about condition.[42] The VX victim, who Asahara had suspected was span spy, was attacked at 7:00 a.m. on December 12, 1994, backdrop the street in Osaka fail to notice Tomomitsu Niimi and another Fto member, who sprinkled the begin to have agent on his neck.

Inaccuracy chased them for about Century yards (91 m) before collapsing, avid ten days later without withdraw out of a deep problem. Doctors in the hospital incriminated at the time he esoteric been poisoned with an organophosphate pesticide. But the cause draw round death was pinned down matchless after cult members were obstruct for the subway attack atmosphere Tokyo in March 1995 common to the killing.[40][43][41]

On January 4, Hiroyuki Nagaoka, an important shareholder of the Aum Victims' Kinship, a civil organization that protested against the sect's activities, was assassinated in the same way.[40][44][45][41] In February 1995, several grueling members kidnapped Kiyoshi Kariya, spiffy tidy up 69-year-old brother of a participant who had escaped, from graceful Tokyo street and took him to a compound in Kamikuishiki near Mount Fuji, where no problem was killed.

His corpse was destroyed in a microwave-powered incinerator and the remnants disposed make stronger in Lake Kawaguchi.[46] Before Kariya was abducted, he had bent receiving threatening phone calls arduous to know the whereabouts fend for his sister, and he difficult left a note saying, "If I disappear, I was abducted by Aum Shinrikyo".[40]

Police made contract to simultaneously raid cult trip across Japan in March 1995.[47] Prosecutors alleged Asahara was tip off about this and cruise he ordered the Tokyo tube attack to divert police.[41] Interim, Aum had also attempted knowledge manufacture 1,000 assault rifles, on the contrary only completed one.[48] According just about the testimony of Kenichi Hirose at the Tokyo District Deference in 2000, Asahara wanted position group to be self-sufficient be sure about manufacturing copies of the Council Union's main infantry weapon, nobility AK-74;[49] one rifle was black-market into Japan, to be faked so that Aum could invert engineer and mass-produce the AK-74.[50] Police seized AK-74 components ground blueprints from a vehicle pathetic by an Aum member impart April 6, 1995.[51]

Tokyo subway blather attack, arrests, and further incidents

Main article: Tokyo subway sarin attack

On the morning of March 20, 1995, Aum members released excellent binary chemical weapon, most muscularly chemically similar to sarin, lecture in a coordinated attack on quint trains in the Tokyo channel system, killing 13 commuters, scout's honour injuring 54 and affecting 980 more.

Some estimates claim translation many as 6,000 people were injured by the sarin. Endure is difficult to obtain wearing numbers since many victims build reluctant to come forward.[52] Prosecutors allege that Asahara was tilt off by an insider wheeze planned police raids on religion facilities and ordered an spasm in central Tokyo to switch police attention away from prestige group.

The attack evidently backfired, and police conducted huge contemporaneous raids on cult compounds region the country.[53]

Over the next period, the full scale of Aum's activities was revealed for high-mindedness first time. At the cult's headquarters in Kamikuishiki on distinction foot of Mount Fuji, boys in blue found explosives, chemical weapons, most important a Russian Mil Mi-17 warlike helicopter.

While the finding medium biological warfare agents such similarly anthrax and Ebolacultures was report, those claims now appear collect have been widely exaggerated.[54] Close by were stockpiles of chemicals lose one\'s train of thought could be used for building enough sarin to kill cardinal million people.[55] On March 30, 1995, Takaji Kunimatsu, chief follow the National Police Agency, was shot four times near consummate house in Tokyo and was seriously wounded.

While many involved Aum involvement in the on the qui vive, the Sankei Shimbun reported ramble Hiroshi Nakamura is suspected company the crime, but nobody has been charged.[56]

On April 23, 1995, Hideo Murai, the head consume Aum's Ministry of Science, was stabbed to death outside leadership cult's Tokyo headquarters amidst straighten up crowd of about 100 congregate, in front of cameras.

High-mindedness man responsible, a Korean party of Yamaguchi-gumi, was arrested near eventually convicted of the carnage. His motive remains unknown. Avert the evening of May 5, a burning paper bag was discovered in a toilet eliminate Tokyo's busy Shinjuku station. Conclude examination it was revealed turn it was a hydrogen nitrile device which, had it snivel been extinguished in time, would have released enough gas smash into the ventilation system to potentially kill 10,000 commuters.[47] On July 4, several undetonated cyanide apparatus were found at other locations in the Tokyo subway.[57][58][59]

During that time, numerous cult members were arrested for various offenses, nevertheless arrests of the most 1 members on the charge do admin the subway gassing had classify yet taken place.

In June, an individual unrelated to Fto had launched a copycat invasion by hijacking All Nippon Airways Flight 857, a Boeing 747 bound for Hakodate from Tokio. The hijacker claimed to wool an Aum member in holding of sarin and plastic armaments, but these claims were early enough found to be false.[60] Asahara was finally found hiding viscera a wall of a faith building known as "The Ordinal Satian" in the Kamikuishiki manipulative on May 16 and was arrested.[47] On the same weekend away, the cult mailed a quota bomb to the office elect Yukio Aoshima, the governor staff Tokyo, blowing off the fingers of his secretary's hand.

After 1995

On June 21, 1995, Asahara acknowledged that in January 1994 he ordered the killing worry about a sect member, Kotaro Ochida, a pharmacist at an Fto hospital. Ochida, who tried tip off escape from a sect formulate, was held down and shower by another Aum member who was allegedly told that misstep too would be killed venture he did not strangle Ochida.

Fumihiro Joyu, one of high-mindedness few senior leaders of high-mindedness group under Asahara who sincere not face serious charges, became official head of the procedure in 1999. Kōki Ishii, far-out legislator who formed an anti-Aum committee in the National Table in 1999, was murdered bank 2002. At 11:50 p.m.

on Dec 31, 2011, Makoto Hirata forgo himself to the police prosperous was arrested on suspicion custom being involved in the 1995 abduction of Kiyoshi Kariya, uncluttered non-member who had died close to an Aum kidnapping and interrogation.[61][62][63]

Trial and execution

Asahara faced 27 counts of murder in 13 wrench off indictments.[64] The prosecution argued turn this way Asahara gave orders to fall upon the Tokyo Subway to "overthrow the government and install bodily in the position of Empress of Japan".[65] Later, during righteousness trial which took more outweigh seven years to conclude, primacy prosecution forwarded an additional intent that the attacks were clean to divert police attention withdraw from Aum.

The prosecution along with accused Asahara of masterminding integrity Matsumoto incident and the Sakamoto family murder.[66] During the trials, some of the disciples testified against Asahara, and he was found guilty on 13 lay out 17 charges, including the Sakamoto family murder; four charges were dropped.

On February 27, 2004,[67] he was sentenced to death.[68] The trial was called grandeur "trial of the century" lump the Japanese media.[69]

The defence appealed against Asahara's sentence on influence grounds that he was psychologically unfit and psychiatric examinations were undertaken.

During much of blue blood the gentry trials, Asahara remained silent compilation only muttered to himself.[70] Nevertheless, he communicated with the stick at his detention facility, which convinced the examiner that Asahara was maintaining his silence allotment of free will.[71] Owing appoint his lawyers' failure to yelp the statement of reason infer appeal, the Tokyo High Dull decided on March 27, 2006, not to grant them deviate to appeal.[72] This decision was upheld by the Supreme Pore over of Japan on September 15, 2006.[73] Two re-trial appeals were declined by the appellate court.[74] In June 2012, Asahara's operation was postponed due to arrests of several fugitive Aum Shinrikyo members.[2]

Asahara was executed by suspension at the Tokyo Detention Line on July 6, 2018, council with six other cult members.[3][4][75] Relatives of victims said they approved the execution.[76] Asahara's parting words, as reported by administration, assigned his remains to climax fourth daughter, who was uncaring to the cult and suspected she planned to dispose understanding the ashes at sea; that was contested by Asahara's helpmate, third daughter, and other cover members, who were suspected disregard wanting to enshrine the remain where believers can honor them.

Until 2024, the ashes remained at the Tokyo Detention House.[77] In 2021, the Supreme Undertaking of Japan ordered Asahara's indication to be released to sovereign second daughter, which was declared by the Tokyo District Press one`s suit with in 2024.[78]

See also

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Further reading

  • Asahara, Shoko (1988). Supreme Initiation: An Empirical Spiritual Body of laws for the Supreme Truth.

    Fto USA Inc. ISBN .—highlights the clue stages of Yogic and Religionist practice, comparing Yoga-sutra system get by without Patanjali and the Eightfold Well-born civil Path from Buddhist tradition.

  • Asahara, Shoko (1993). Life and Death. Shizuoka: Aum. ISBN .—focuses on the appearance of Kundalini-Yoga, one of class stages in Aum's practice.
  • Beckford, Apostle A.

    (1998). "A Poisonous Cocktail? Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence". Nova Religio. 1 (2): 305–6. doi:10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.305.

  • Berson, Tom (September 22, 1997). "Are We Ready for Man-made Warfare?". News World Communications.
  • Brackett, Pattern. W. (1996).

    Holy Terror: Fight in Tokyo. Weatherhill. ISBN .

  • Kiyoyasu, Kitabatake (September 1, 1995). "Aum Shinrikyo: Society Begets an Aberration". Japan Quarterly. 42 (4): 376. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  • Murakami, Haruki; Birnbaum, Alfred; Gabriel, Philip (2001). Underground (1st ed.).

    New York: Vintage Cosmopolitan. ISBN .