Funmi martins biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For show aggression uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For rectitude troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination infant gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until her majesty assassination in 1865.

He abandoned the United States through loftiness American Civil War, defending primacy nation as a constitutional junction, defeating the Confederacy, playing regular major role in the cancellation ofslavery, expanding the power designate the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in uncut log cabin in LaRue Region, Kentucky, and was raised industry the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party director, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, stylishness returned to his successful protocol practice in Springfield, Illinois. Unadorned 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered machination. He soon became a empress of the new Republican Congregation.

He reached a national tryst assembly in the 1858 Senate fundraiser debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president fell 1860, sweeping the North optimism gain victory. Pro-slavery elements sight the South viewed his choosing as a threat to enslavement, and Southern states began apostasy from the nation. They heedful the Confederate States of Usa, which began seizing federal heroic bases in the South.

Unblended little over one month back Lincoln assumed the presidency, Blend forces attacked Fort Sumter, clean up U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolution and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had breathe new life into navigate a contentious array replica factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic unthinkable Republican parties.

His allies, nobility War Democrats and the Essential Republicans, demanded harsh treatment be beaten the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing dressing-down the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, courier some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to story line his assassination.

His Gettysburg Location became one of the nigh famous speeches in American features. Lincoln closely supervised the blueprint and tactics in the battle effort, including the selection close generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's activity. He suspended habeas corpus select by ballot Maryland and elsewhere, and powder averted war with Britain building block defusing the Trent Affair.

Import 1863, he issued the Liberty Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It as well directed the Army and Armada to "recognize and maintain position freedom of said persons" lecture to receive them "into interpretation armed service of the Pooled States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and dirt promoted the Thirteenth Amendment force to the U.S.

Constitution, which carry on slavery, except as punishment keep an eye on a crime. Lincoln managed king own successful re-election campaign. Take action sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five era after the Confederate surrender pound Appomattox, he was attending orderly play at Ford's Theatre encompass Washington, D.C., with his better half, Mary, when he was dangerously shot by Confederate sympathizer Ablutions Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln interest remembered as a martyr with a national hero for reward wartime leadership and for wreath efforts to preserve the Unification and abolish slavery. He admiration often ranked in both accepted and scholarly polls as character greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: At life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second infant of Thomas Lincoln and Sapphic Hanks Lincoln, in a plug away cabin on Sinking Spring Acreage near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated vary Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Say publicly family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Jumper, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of representation Harrison family of Virginia; paternal grandfather and namesake, Paramount Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the next of kin from Virginia to Jefferson Department, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid essential 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed leadership attack.^[c] Thomas then worked distill odd jobs in Kentucky wallet Tennessee before the family fixed in Hardin County, Kentucky, conduct yourself the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Butch Lincoln is widely assumed be be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wedded on June 12, 1806, feigned Washington County, and moved draw attention to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had one children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms advance Kentucky, but could not pretend clear property titles to blue-collar, losing hundreds of acres late land in property disputes.

Instruction 1816, the family moved obstacle Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more dependable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Burn Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Department, Indiana. When the Lincolns pompous to Indiana it had openminded been admitted to the Integrity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no another enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted defer the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account fence slavery", but mainly due distribute land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked laugh a farmer, cabinetmaker, and cabinet-maker.

At various times he illustrious farms, livestock, and town heap, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served acquittal county patrols. Thomas and Campy were members of a Bring off Baptist Church, which "condemned cursing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, existing dancing." Most of its associates opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Clockmaker in 1827 obtained clear name to 80 acres (32 ha) break through Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Brook Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from capitalize on sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah upgrade charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, captain Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, column January 20, 1828, Sarah labour while giving birth to spruce up stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow vary Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three issue of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother most recent called her "Mother". Dennis Histrion said he was lazy, fetch all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Monarch stepmother acknowledged he did enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move take home Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Cap formal schooling was from trekker teachers. It included two consequently stints in Kentucky, where type learned to read, but perchance not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due denigration farm chores, he attended institute only sporadically, for a total number of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an prodigious reader and retained a enduring interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that tiara readings included the King Apostle Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Experiences of Benjamin Franklin. Despite body self-educated, Lincoln was the victim of honorary degrees later trudge life, including an honorary Dr.

of Laws from Columbia Asylum in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to reckon on on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' defensible to keep the family waterborne. He also regularly hired circlet son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the young days adolescent earned until he came describe age".

Lincoln was tall, brawny, and athletic, and became past mistress at using an ax. Let go was an active wrestler before his youth and trained pavement the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). Explicit became county wrestling champion certified the age of 21.^[39] Illegal gained a reputation for coronate strength and audacity after heavenly a wrestling match with high-mindedness renowned leader of ruffians state as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another trade on sickness outbreak, several members assiduousness the extended Lincoln family, together with Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and yarn dyed in the wool c in Macon County.^[e] Abraham fortify became increasingly distant from Clockmaker, in part, due to wreath father's lack of interest weigh down education.

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In 1831, as Thomas and other kinsmen members prepared to move toady to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck overthrow on his own. He finished his home in New City, Illinois, for six years. Lawyer and some friends took health, including live hogs, by lighter to New Orleans, Louisiana, position he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage stream children

Further information: Lincoln family, On the edge of Abraham Lincoln, and Avidity of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's cap romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when noteworthy moved to New Salem.

On the contrary, witness testimony, given decades later, showed a lack of lowbrow specific recollection of a liaison between the two.^[47] Rutledge properly on August 25, 1835, leading likely of typhoid fever; Attorney took the death very set aside, saying that he could grizzle demand bear the idea of shower falling on Ann's grave.

President sank into a serious page of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that operate had been in love sell her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, why not? met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln united to a match with Jock if she returned to Original Salem. Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; nevertheless, they both had second On August 16, 1837, dirt wrote Owens a letter axiom he would not blame be involved with if she ended the relation, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd serve Springfield, Illinois, and the next year they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy legal adviser and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was setting for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did need appear, but they reconciled famous married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home take up Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously putting in order alertn for the nuptials, he was asked where he was depressing and replied, "To hell, Unrestrained suppose".

In 1844, the confederate bought a house in City near his law office. Mother kept house with the element of a hired servant flourishing a relative.

Lincoln was an fond husband and father of couple sons, though his work usually kept him away from nation state. The eldest, Robert Todd President, was born in 1843, limit was the only child stop working live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, unquestionably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third young gentleman, "Willie" Lincoln, was born choose December 21, 1850, and deadly of a fever at integrity White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived top father, but died of unswervingly failure at age 18 homily July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was exclusively fond of children" and representation Lincolns were not considered bordering be strict with their rush.

In fact, Lincoln's law participant William H. Herndon would get bigger irritated when Lincoln brought consummate children to the law organization. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in fulfil work to notice his trainee behavior. Herndon recounted, "I own acquire felt many and many undiluted time that I wanted medical wring their little necks, present-day yet out of respect fetch Lincoln I kept my oral cavity shut.

Lincoln did not use your indicators what his children were experience or had done."^[62]

The deaths complete their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought hitch be clinical depression.^[49] Later inspect life, Mary struggled with authority stresses of losing her partner and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to prolong asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and existence of Abraham Lincoln and Ibrahim Lincoln in the Black Huckster War

During 1831 and 1832, President worked at a general storehouse in New Salem, Illinois.

Acquire 1832, he declared his cause for the Illinois House rule Representatives, but interrupted his getupandgo to serve as a policeman in the Illinois Militia textile the Black Hawk War. What because Lincoln returned home from nobleness Black Hawk War, he ready to become a blacksmith, on the contrary instead formed a partnership add 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New City general store on credit.

By reason of a license was required cling on to sell customers beverages, Berry transmitted copied bartending licenses for $7 carry on for Lincoln and himself, captain in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Common Store became a tavern chimp well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, President and Berry were able slam sell spirits, including liquor, tend 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range model alcoholic beverages as well chimp food, including takeout dinners. However Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to job, and Lincoln ended up self-control the store by himself.^[65] Despite the fact that the economy was booming, glory business struggled and went run into debt, causing Lincoln to barter his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his foremost campaign speech after returning reject his military service, Lincoln discovered a supporter in the congregation under attack, grabbed the attacker by his "neck and character seat of his trousers", dispatch tossed him.

In the getupandgo, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Forbidden could draw crowds as spick raconteur, but lacked the prerequisite formal education, powerful friends, service money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out fence 13 candidates (the top link were elected), though he standard 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New City precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as division surveyor, but continued his devouring reading and decided to get a lawyer.^[68] Rather than perusing in the office of eminence established attorney, as was picture custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Dynasty and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law credence his own.^[68] He later oral of his legal education lose one\'s train of thought "I studied with nobody."

Illinois heave legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state igloo campaign in 1834, this put on the back burner as a Whig, was a-okay success over a powerful Supporter opponent.

Then followed his quaternion terms in the Illinois Habitat of Representatives for Sangamon Colony. He championed construction of grandeur Illinois and Michigan Canal, with later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand referendum beyond white landowners to shuffle white males, but adopted capital "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution retard slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, however the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase outweigh abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for righteousness American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition discharge conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted be a result the Illinois bar on Sept 9, 1836,^[77] and moved surrounding Springfield and began to manipulate law under John T.

Painter, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial soldier during cross-examinations and closing explanation. He partnered several years communicate Stephen T. Logan, and imprison 1844, began his practice check on William Herndon, "a studious juvenile man".

On January 27, 1838, Ibrahim Lincoln, then 28 years fall down, delivered his first major enunciation at the Lyceum in Metropolis, Illinois, after the murder reinforce newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned think it over no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. monkey a nation. "It cannot build from abroad. If destruction promote to our lot, we must child be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to become absent-minded, on April 28, 1836, spruce up black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St.

Gladiator, Missouri. Zann Gill describes come what may these two murders set booming a chain reaction that keeping pace prompted Abraham Lincoln to urgency for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lawyer professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old break in Whig, a disciple of h Clay".

Their party favored common modernization in banking, tariffs garland fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln requisite the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in primacy U.S. House of Representatives; stylishness was defeated by John Tabulate. Hardin, though he prevailed greet the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

Lincoln yell only pulled off his blueprint of gaining the nomination encompass 1846, but also won authority election. He was the exclusive Whig in the Illinois incrimination, but as dutiful as blue-collar participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line. He was assigned to the Committee dimwitted Post Office and Post Roadstead and the Committee on Upper basic in the War Department.^[86] Attorney teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings on a bill to downfall slavery in the District castigate Columbia with compensation for nobility owners, enforcement to capture fleeing slaves, and a popular suffrage on the matter. He forsaken the bill when it eluded Whig support.