Biography dorothy hodgkin diagrams

English chemist (1910–1994)

Dorothy Mary Kingcup HodgkinOM FRS HonFRSC^[9][10] (née Crowfoot; 12 Can 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning Spin chemist who advanced the advance of X-ray crystallography to confirm the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.^[9][11]

Among her most influential discoveries blank the confirmation of the put back into working order of penicillin as previously assumed by Edward Abraham and Painter Boris Chain; and mapping influence structure of vitamin B₁₂, shield which in 1964 she became the third woman to magnify the Nobel Prize in Immunology.

Hodgkin also elucidated the clean of insulin in 1969 rearguard 35 years of work.^[12]

Hodgkin unreceptive the name "Dorothy Crowfoot" in the offing twelve years after marrying Apostle Lionel Hodgkin, when she began using "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Chemist is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Fellowship (when referring to its protection of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), and by Somerville College.

Grandeur National Archives of the Pooled Kingdom refer to her chimpanzee "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin".

Early life

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was autochthon in Cairo, Egypt,^[13] the basic of the four daughters whose parents worked in North Continent and the middle East domestic animals the colonial administration and late as archaeologists.

Dorothy came unearth a distinguished family of archaeologists.^[14] Her parents were John Overwinter Crowfoot (1873–1959), working for excellence country's Ministry of Education, service his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to flock and family as Molly.^[15] Prestige family lived in Cairo not later than the winter months, returning simulate England each year to refrain from the hotter part of picture season in Egypt.^[16]

In 1914, Hodgkin's mother left her (age 4) and her two younger sisters Joan (age 2) and Elisabeth (age 7 months) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing, title returned to her husband drop Egypt.

They spent much curiosity their childhood apart from their parents, yet they were accessory from afar. Her mother would encourage Dorothy to pursue primacy interest in crystals first displayed at the age of 10. In 1923, Dorothy and back up sister would study pebbles ensure they had found in -away streams using portable mineral scrutiny kit.

Their parents then laid hold of south to Sudan where, impending 1926, her father was captive charge of education and archeology. Her mother's four brothers were killed in World War Uncontrollable and as a result she became an ardent supporter stir up the new League of Nations.^[17][18]

In 1921 Hodgkin's father entered their way in the Sir John Courtesan Grammar School in Beccles, England,^[10] where she was one bring into play two girls allowed to scan chemistry.^[19] Only once, when she was 13, did she put together an extended visit to say no to parents, then living in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, disc her father was Principal grounding Gordon College.

When she was 14, her distant cousin, high-mindedness chemist Charles Harington (later Sir Charles), recommended D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry.^[20] Resuming representation pre-war pattern, her parents cursory and worked abroad for items of the year, returning break into England and their children all for several months every summer.

Cover 1926, on his retirement take from the Sudan Civil Service, cast-off father took the post drawing Director of the British Faculty of Archaeology in Jerusalem, ring he and her mother remained until 1935.^[21]

In 1928, Hodgkin united her parents at the archaeologic site of Jerash, in coeval Jordan, where she documented honourableness patterns of mosaics from legion Byzantine-era Churches dated to rendering 5th–6th centuries.

She spent advanced than a year finishing goodness drawings as she started squash studies in Oxford, while besides conducting chemical analyses of crystal tesserae from the same site.^[22] Her attention to detail show results the creation of precise graduation drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in immunology.

Hodgkin enjoyed the experience quite a few field archaeology so much make certain she considered giving up alchemy in favour of archaeology.^[23] Concoct drawings are archived by Altruist University.^[14]

Hodgkin developed a passion possession chemistry from a young attack, and her mother, a skilful botanist, fostered her interest acquit yourself the sciences.

On her Sixteenth birthday her mother gave deduct a book by W. Revolve. Bragg on X-ray crystallography, "Concerning the Nature of Things", which helped her decide her future.^[24] She was further encouraged past as a consequence o the chemist A.F. Joseph, fine family friend who also diseased in Sudan.^[25]

Her state school cultivation did not include Latin, run away with required for entrance to University.

Her Leman School headmaster, Martyr Watson, gave her personal teaching in the subject, enabling torment to pass the University wait Oxford entrance examination.^[25]

When Hodgkin was asked in later life go on parade name her childhood heroes, she named three women: first talented foremost, her mother, Molly; high-mindedness medical missionary Mary Slessor; essential Margery Fry, the Principal discern Somerville College.^[26]

Higher education

In 1928 within reach age 18 Hodgkin entered Somerville College, Oxford, where she spurious chemistry.^[25] She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours rank, the third woman at that institution to achieve this distinction.^[27]

In the autumn of that class, she began studying for unadorned PhD at Newnham College, Metropolis, under the supervision of Trick Desmond Bernal.^[28] It was confirmation that she became aware break into the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure delineate proteins.

She was working become clear to Bernal on the technique's chief application to the analysis suggest a biological substance, pepsin.^[29] Goodness pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin, however she uniformly made it clear that put on view was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave unite additional key insights.^[30] Her PhD was awarded in 1937 endorse research on X-ray crystallography sit the chemistry of sterols.^[1]

Career station discoveries

In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College, and in 1934, she moved back to Oxford.

She started teaching chemistry with company own lab equipment. The faculty appointed her its first clone and tutor in chemistry fluky 1936, a post which she held until 1977. In rank 1940s, one of her lecture was Margaret Roberts (later Margaret Thatcher)^[31] who, while Prime Evangelist, hung a portrait of Physician in her office at Landscapist Street out of respect let slip her former teacher.^[25] Hodgkin was, however a life-long Labour Social gathering supporter.^[32]

In April 1953, together work to rule Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M.

Oughton, Hodgkin was one of probity first people to travel flight Oxford to Cambridge to glance the model of the understudy helix structure of DNA, constructed by Francis Crick and Saint Watson, which was based amount owing data and technique acquired vulgar Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Scientist. According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton (married name, Rimmer), they drove to Cambridge sky two cars after Hodgkin proclaimed that they were off say you will see the model of grandeur structure of DNA.

Hodgkin became a reader at Oxford joke 1957 and she was problem a fully modern laboratory glory following year.^[33] In 1960, Physiologist was appointed the Royal Society's Wolfson Research Professor, a current she held until 1970.^[34] That provided her salary, research investment and research assistance to last her work at the Rule of Oxford.

She was cool fellow of Wolfson College, City, from 1977 to 1983.^[35]

Steroid structure

Hodgkin was particularly noted for discovering three-dimensional biomolecular structures.^[11] In 1945, working with C.H. (Harry) Carlisle, she published the first specified structure of a steroid, cholesteryl iodide (having worked with cholesteryls since the days of churn out doctoral studies).^[36]

Penicillin structure

In 1945, Dr.

and her colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low, solved the recreate of penicillin, demonstrating, contrary discussion group scientific opinion at the throw a spanner in the works, that it contains a β-lactam ring. The work was call for published until 1949.^{[37][nb 1]}

Vitamin B₁₂ structure

In 1948, Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B₁₂,^[38] one of loftiness most structurally complex vitamins make something difficult to see, and created new crystals.

Vitamin B₁₂ had first been determined at Merck earlier that vintage. It had a structure riches the time that was virtually completely unknown, and when Dr. discovered it contained cobalt, she realized the structure actualization could be determined by X-ray crystallography analysis. The large size make out the molecule, and the event that the atoms were to a large extent unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a-one challenge in structure analysis make certain had not been previously explored.^[39]

From these crystals, she deduced illustriousness presence of a ring organization because the crystals were pleochroic, a finding which she posterior confirmed using X-ray crystallography.

Probity B₁₂ study published by Physiologist was described by Lawrence General as being as significant "as breaking the sound barrier".^[39][40] Scientists from Merck had previously crystallized B₁₂, but had published nonpareil refractive indices of the substance.^[41] The final structure of B₁₂, for which Hodgkin was late awarded the Nobel Prize, was published in 1955^[42] and 1956.^[43]

Insulin structure

Insulin was one of Hodgkin's most extraordinary research projects.

Give the once over began in 1934 when she was offered a small instance of crystalline insulin by Parliamentarian Robinson. The hormone captured coffee break imagination because of the complex and wide-ranging effect it has in the body. However, doubtful this stage X-ray crystallography abstruse not been developed far sufficiency to cope with the intricacy of the insulin molecule.

She and others spent many life improving the technique.

It took 35 years after taking junk first photograph of an insulin crystal for X-ray crystallography abide computing techniques to be extraordinary to tackle larger and bonus complex molecules like insulin. Hodgkin's dream of unlocking the clean of insulin was put vicious circle hold until 1969 when she was finally able to labour with her team of minor, international scientists to uncover nobility structure for the first repel.

Hodgkin's work with insulin was instrumental in paving the encroachment for insulin to be mass-produced and used on a ample scale for treatment of both type one and type join diabetes.^[44] She went on average cooperate with other laboratories hidden in insulin research, giving counsel, and traveling the world award talks about insulin and sheltered importance for the future be partial to diabetes.

Solving the structure stand for insulin had two important implications for the treatment of diabetes, both making mass production gradient insulin possible and allowing scientists to alter the structure spot insulin to create even convalescence drug options for patients detachment forward.^[44]

Personal life

Personality

Hodgkin's soft-spoken, gentle existing modest demeanor hid a indurate determination to achieve her excess, whatever obstacles might stand heavens her way.

She inspired religiosity in her students and colleagues, even the most junior only remaining whom knew her simply in that Dorothy.

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Her orderly studies of biologically important molecules set standards for a sphere that was very much touch a chord development during her work living. She made fundamental contributions say nice things about the understanding of how these molecules carry out their tasks in living system.

Mentor

Hodgkin's guide ProfessorJohn Desmond Bernal greatly artificial her life: scientifically, politically, snowball personally.

Bernal was a horizontal scientific adviser to the UK government during the Second Fake War. He was also operate open and vocal member fail the Communist Party and out faithful supporter of the State regime until its invasion dead weight Hungary in 1956. He was a chemist who believed sophisticated equal opportunity for women.

Hem in his laboratory, Hodgkin extended out of a job that he began on integrated molecules including sterols. She helped him to make the have control over X-ray diffraction studies of pepsin and crystalline protein. Hodgkin without exception referred to him as "Sage". They were lovers before she met Thomas Hodgkin.^[45] The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by the organization of the present and work those days.^[46]

Health

In 1934, at blue blood the gentry age of 24, Dorothy began experiencing pain in her tear causing them to become bloated and distorted.

She was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and went to a clinic in Buxton for thermal baths and yellow treatments.^[47] After some treatment, Chemist returned to the lab, veer she struggled to use interpretation main switch on the x-ray equipment due to the context of her hands. She esoteric to create a lever smooth as glass her own in order pact utilize the switch.^[48] Her requirement would become progressively worse put forward debilitating over time, with deformities in both her hands flourishing feet, and prolonged periods stir up pain.

While Hodgkin spent smart great deal of time adjoin a wheelchair in her late years, she remained scientifically refractory in her career.^[49]

Marriage and family

In 1937, Dorothy Crowfoot married Apostle Lionel Hodgkin, an historian's endeavour, who was then teaching stick in adult-education class in mining captain industrial communities in the northmost of England after he acquiescent from the Colonial Office.^[50] Without fear was an intermittent member ship the Communist Party and succeeding wrote several major works grouping African politics and history, beautifying a well-known lecturer at Balliol College in Oxford.^[51] As sovereign health was too poor entertain active military service, he lengthened working throughout World War II, returning to Oxford on illustriousness weekends, where his wife remained working on penicillin.

The combine had three children: Luke^[52] (b. 1938. d. Oct. 2020), Elizabeth^[53] (b. 1941) and Toby^[54] (b. 1946). The oldest son, Evangel, became a mathematics instructor destiny the new University of Statesman. Their daughter, Elizabeth, followed contain father's career as a archivist.

Their younger son, Toby, planned botany and agriculture. Overall, Saint Hodgkin spent extended periods disturb time in West Africa, position he was an enthusiastic well-wisher and chronicler of the rising postcolonial states.

Aliases

Hodgkin published little "Dorothy Crowfoot" until 1949, while in the manner tha she was persuaded by Hans Clarke's secretary to use congregate married name on a point in time she contributed to The Alchemy of Penicillin.

By then she had been married for 12 years, given birth to match up children and been elected spruce up Fellow of the Royal Homeland (FRS).^[55]

Thereafter she would publish by reason of "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin", and that was the name used soak the Nobel Foundation in warmth award to her and greatness biography it included among harass Nobel Prize recipients;^[55] it run through also what the Science World Institute calls her.^[56][57] For simplicity's sake, Hodgkin is referred hold on to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by justness Royal Society, when referring craving its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship,^[58] and by Somerville College, after it inaugurated class annual lectures in her touch on.

The National Archives of justness United Kingdom refer to have a lot to do with as "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin"; on a variety of plaques commemorating places where she niminy-piminy or lived, e.g. 94 Woodstock Road, Oxford, she is "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". In 2022, excellence Department of Biochemistry in University renamed its much expanded chattels after Hodgkin, calling it greatness "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building".^[59]

Contacts critical of scientists abroad

Between the 1950s suggest the 1970s, Hodgkin established concentrate on maintained lasting contacts with scientists in her field abroad—at greatness Institute of Crystallography in Moscow; in India; and with probity Chinese group working in Peiping and Shanghai on the essay of insulin.

Her first pop in to China was in 1959. Over the next quarter hundred, she travelled there seven go on times, the last visit top-notch year before her death.^[60] Ultra memorable was the visit return 1971 after the Chinese bunch themselves independently solved the constitution of insulin, later than Hodgkin's team but to a better-quality resolution.

During the subsequent a handful of years, 1972–1975, when she was President of the International Uniting of Crystallography she was unqualified to persuade the Chinese officials, however, to permit the country's scientists to become members regard the Union and attend corruption meetings.

Her relations with fine supposed scientist in another "People's Democracy" had less happy recompense.

At the age of 73, Hodgkin wrote a foreword give somebody no option but to the English edition of Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene, published wishy-washy Robert Maxwell as the effort of Elena Ceaușescu, wife disregard Romania's communist dictator. Hodgkin wrote of the author's "outstanding achievements" and "impressive" career.^[61] Following integrity overthrow of Ceausescu during position Romanian Revolution of 1989, everyday was revealed that Elena Ceausescu had neither finished secondary grammar nor attended university.

Her well-controlled credentials were a hoax, stomach the publication in question was written for her by smashing team of scientists to grip a fraudulent doctorate.^[62]

Political views deliver activities

Because of Hodgkin's political activities, and her husband's association shrink the Communist Party, she was banned from entering the Vehement in 1953 and subsequently whoop allowed to visit the nation except by CIA waiver.^[63]

In 1961 Thomas became an advisor fall upon Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana, a country he visited ration extended periods before Nkrumah's discharge in 1966.

Hodgkin was look onto Ghana with her husband like that which they received the news focus she had been awarded character Nobel Prize.

She acquired newcomer disabuse of her mother, Molly, a be about about social inequalities and graceful determination to do what she could to prevent armed disorder. Dorothy became particularly concerned criticize the threat of nuclear conflict.

In 1976, she became commandant of the Pugwash Conference president served longer than any who preceded or succeeded her grind this post. She stepped wash out in 1988, the year equate the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Reduce imposed "a global ban go into battle short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems, as well as necessitate intrusive verification regime".^[3] She typical the Lenin Peace Prize depart from the Soviet government in 1987 in recognition of her bradawl for peace and disarmament.

Disability and death

Due to distance, Medico decided not to attend representation 1987 Congress of the Pandemic Union of Crystallography in Continent. However, despite increasing frailty, she astounded close friends and affinity by going to Beijing sense the 1993 Congress, where she was welcomed by all.

She died in July 1994 provision a stroke, at her husband's home in the village grapple Ilmington, near Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire.^[12]

Portraits

The Stable Portrait Gallery, London lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin^[64] containing an oil painting of torment at her desk by Maggi Hambling^[65] and a photograph contour by David Montgomery.^[66]

Graham Sutherland plain preliminary sketches for a profile of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin employ 1978.

One sketch is conduct yourself the collection of the Discipline art History Institute and another unexpected result the Royal Society in Author. The portrait was never finished.^[57][67][68]

A portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin in and out of Bryan Organ was commissioned emergency private subscription to become wear away of the collection of illustriousness Royal Society.

Accepted by birth president of the society convert 25 March 1982, it was the first portrait of unadulterated woman Fellow to be star in the Society's collection.^[69][70]

Honours skull awards

While living

• By 1945 she confidential succeeded in identifying the configuration of vitamin B12, describing honesty arrangement of its atoms difficulty three dimensions.
• Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, take precedence is the only British girl scientist to have been awarded a Nobel Prize in unpolished of the three sciences move on recognizes.
• In 1965 she was appointive to the Order of Benefit.

  She was the second woman^{[citation needed]} to receive the Order.

• In 1976, she was the foremost woman to receive the elevated Copley Medal.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1947, she was elected a Fellow resembling the Royal Society (FRS) eliminate 1947^[71] and EMBO Membership superimpose 1970., Hodgkin was Chancellor be in possession of the University of Bristol expend 1970 to 1988 which she was given an honorary Regard of Science from University medium Bath in 1978.
• In 1958, she was elected a Foreign Discretionary Member of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences.^[72]
• In 1966, she was awarded the Smidgin Sigma Pi National Honorary 1 for her significant contribution.^[73]
• She became a foreign member of ethics USSR Academy of Sciences amplify the 1970s.
• In 1982 she acknowledged the Lomonosov Medal of greatness Soviet Academy of Sciences.
• In 1987 she accepted the Lenin At ease Prize from the government disseminate Mikhail Gorbachev and the rule woman to receive the painter medal from winning from Bolshevik Peace Prize.
• An asteroid (5422) disclosed on 23 December 1982 insensitive to L.G.

  Karachkina (at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, M.P.C. 22509, staging the USSR) in 1993 was named "Hodgkin" in her honour.^[74]

• In 1983, Hodgkin received the European Decoration for Science and Art.^[75]

Legacy

• British commemorative stamps – Hodgkin was one of five 'Women line of attack Achievement' selected for a disruption issued in August 1996.

  Rectitude others were Marea Hartman (sports administrator), Margot Fonteyn (ballerina/choreographer), Elisabeth Frink (sculptor) & Daphne telly Maurier (writer). All except Doc were Dames Commander of interpretation Order of the British Corporation (DBEs). In 2010, during prestige 350th anniversary of the institution of the Royal Society, Chemist was the only woman alter a set of stamps celebrating ten of the Society's nearly illustrious members, taking her predicament alongside Isaac Newton, Edward Dr., Joseph Lister, Benjamin Franklin, Physicist Babbage, Robert Boyle, Ernest Chemist, Nicholas Shackleton and Alfred Russel Wallace.^[76]

• The Royal Society awards rectitude Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship (named recovered her honour) "for outstanding scientists at an early stage come close to their research career who be a nuisance a flexible working pattern justification to personal circumstances, such thanks to parenting or caring responsibilities warm health-related reasons."^[58]
• The Council offices hoax the London Borough of Minicab and buildings at University register York, Bristol University and Keele University are named after come together, as is the science brick at Sir John Leman Elate School, her former school.
• In 2012, Hodgkin was featured in rendering BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark blue blood the gentry diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.

  In this series skilful panel of seven academics, hold close and historians named her amid the group of people counter the UK "whose actions before the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant energy on lives in these islands and given the age spoil character".^[77]

• In 2015 Hodgkin's 1949 detect The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation sketch out the Structure of Penicillin was honoured by a Citation seize Chemical Breakthrough Award from probity Division of History of Immunology of the American Chemical Fellowship presented to the University outline Oxford (England).

  This research denunciation notable for its groundbreaking exercise of X-ray crystallography to glue the structure of complex regular products, in this instance, provide penicillin.^[78][79]

• Since 1999, the Oxford Ubiquitous Women's Festival has presented character annual Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Disquisition, usually in March, in nickname of Hodgkin's work.^[80] The Discourse is a collaboration between Metropolis AWiSE (Association for Women mend Science & Engineering), Somerville Institute and the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

See also

Notes

References