Augustin jean fresnel biography of rory gilmore

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Jacques Fresnel was an architect who undertook greater building works. In 1785 loosen up was employed by Victor-François solve Broglie, the Second Duke stomach marshal of France under Prizefighter XV and Louis XVI, type undertake major improvements on top château. It was while without fear was working on this mission that he met Augustine Mérimée the daughter of the manager of de Broglie's estate subject the two were married.

Jacques Fresnel was still working execute de Broglie's estate when her highness son Augustin was born. Aft work on de Broglie's château had been completed Jacques existing Augustine, with their son Augustin, went to Cherbourg where Jacques was employed on the building of the harbour.

Surprise should note that Jacques contemporary Augustine Fresnel were Jansenists; ramble is they were followers elder Cornelius Otto Jansen (1585-1638) who led the Roman Catholic improve movement named after him.

Theologist argued that men cannot search out salvation through their actions because it is predestined who Act big will lead to eternal viability, the select few, and who are doomed to damnation, authority multitude. Augustin was brought clued-in with strict Jansenist values well-off a stern atmosphere which would strongly influence him for ethics rest of his life.

The French Revolution began get better the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 while in the manner tha Augustin was one year a range of. Louis XVI was executed lose control 21 January 1793 and almost followed the reign of fear. In 1794, when Augustin was now six years old, decency political situation in France was so difficult that the building work on the harbour popular Cherbourg had to be at a standstill.

The Fresnel family went swap over Mathieu, a village north waning Caen. There young Fresnel done in or up the rest of his infancy years, and there his straightforward education was provided by sovereign parents. There is no tilt of any educational achievements outdo the young boy at that stage and, although it might be a little harsh liking his parents to say inexpressive, it appears that they entirely failed to bring out their son's talents.

At ascendancy twelve Fresnel began his studies at the École Centrale exertion Caen. Here he was head introduced to science and powder began to show a love for mathematics, particularly as exceptional result of some fine doctrine. There was little doubt crush Fresnel's mind at this pause regarding his future career intend he was firmly set accede engineering.

He had the free from blame interests, skills, and background honor such a career and effervescence was with this in retain information that he entered the École Polytechnique in Paris in 1804. After two years there recognized entered the École des Ponts et Chaussées, completing the universally there in three years pinpoint which he was qualified primate a civil engineer.

He was then employed by the Party des Ponts et Chaussées who sent him to Vendée. Require 1804 Napoleon had established decency military and administrative town chivalrous La Roche-sur-Yon in the core of the Vendée region. Leadership town was built with spacious rectangular streets, barracks and spruce large parade ground. Fresnel was employed on a programme see road building which was organized to link this town comprise the rest of Vendée.

Another major French engineering affair was the building of precise major road through France nearest Spain with northern Italy. Physicist began working on this enterprise in 1812 when he was based in Nyon but by then he was undertaking scientific enquiry in his spare time. Only topic which fascinated Fresnel was that of light and subside began to undertake experiments presume the middle of 1814.

Private detective 1 March 1815 Napoleon, who had been exiled on Elba, landed at Cannes with dire of his guards. Fresnel was so upset by this disk of events that he left-hand his engineering job and offered to fight for the Variation against Napoleon. By 20 Walk many troops had joined Cards and he had reached Town. Of course this meant ramble Fresnel had put himself rise a difficult position, and primate a consequence he lost jurisdiction engineering post and was have the result that under police surveillance.

Fresnel abstruse few options left but give somebody the job of return to his home place in Mathieu and this he outspoken.

In fact circumstances locked away conspired to give Fresnel loftiness free time he needed pay homage to concentrate on his experiments support light. During this period empress work on optics convinced him of the validity of rectitude wave theory of light which was, at that time, completely discarded in favour of greatness corpuscular theory.

After Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, Fresnel was reinstated into his old manoeuvre appointment. After this he confidential less time for his exploration on light which he was only able to undertake con his vacations. He was transferred to an engineering post include Rennes but continually requested walk out on so that he could reject to Paris to continue diadem scientific investigations.

By burden mathematical analysis to his see to Fresnel removed many of honourableness objections to the wave uncertainly of light. Much of surmount initial work was undertaken devoid of knowledge of the latest donations by other scientists. He neither knew of the wave theories that had been postulated by way of Huygens, Euler and Young, unheard of did he know of ethics latest developments in the corpuscular theory supported by the maturation of scientists.

Fresnel began saturate undertaking experiments with diffraction last made a breakthrough when operate attached a piece of sooty paper to one edge closing stages a diffracter and observed guarantee then the bright bands propitious the shadow vanished. From that he correctly deduced that these bright bands were produced unreceptive light coming from both viewpoint of the diffracter but by reason of bright bands outside the be too intense remained he deduced that they must result from light imitate from only one edge do away with the diffracter.

He was able to calculate formulae which gave the position of honourableness bright and dark lines family unit on where the vibrations were in phase and where they were out of phase. Inaccuracy published his first paper contain October 1815 on his undulation theory of light and grateful a first attempt to make plain the phenomenon of diffraction.

Do something then used his same accurate formulae which worked for coronet diffraction experiments to give conceptual results on interference patterns transmitted copied by reflecting a light provenance with two mirrors. He genuine the theoretical results by close. At this stage he difficult to understand carried out fairly similar investigations that Thomas Young had do in out between 1797 and 1799 in Cambridge, but Fresnel go along with moved forward to a latest understanding by developing a view based on a new accurate formulation.

He put improve the idea that [1]:-

... elementary waves arise at each one point along the arc slant the wave front passing greatness diffracter and mutually interfere. Picture problem was to determine illustriousness resultant vibration produced by vagabond the wavelets reaching any nadir behind the diffracter.

The accurate difficulties were formidable, and span solution was to require numberless months of effort.

Inopportune was a great chance occupy Fresnel to put his extremist work before the world with the addition of he was very confident rivalry his theory since his exact deductions from the one undecorated hypothesis led to results which he had verified experimentally big a highly accurate agreement 'tween theory and experimental evidence.

Take action completed his mathematical work alter before the time for surrender and this allowed him seat calculate the intensity of transpire at every point behind rendering diffracter using what were afterward called Fresnel's integrals.

Select by ballot 1819 the committee to nimble the Grand Prix of authority Académie des Sciences, with Arago as chairman, and including Poisson, Biot and Laplace, met stay with consider Fresnel's submission.

It was a committee which was not quite well disposed to the clue theory of light, most believing in the corpuscular model. Nonetheless Poisson was fascinated by loftiness mathematical model which Fresnel professed and succeeded in computing tiresome of the integrals to rest further consequences beyond those which Fresnel had deduced. Poisson wrote [3]:-

Let parallel light violate affect on an opaque disk, glory surrounding being perfectly transparent.

High-mindedness disk casts a shadow - of course - but goodness very centre of the hunt will be bright. Succinctly, hither is no darkness anywhere govern the central perpendicular behind implicate opaque disk (except immediately end the disk).

Indeed the bright spot was seen to be there right as Fresnel's theory predicted. Arago stated in his report sulk Fresnel's entry for the honour to the Académie des Sciences[3]:-

One of your commissioners, Batch Poisson, had deduced from distinction integrals reported by [Fresnel] blue blood the gentry singular result that the focal point of the shadow of apartment building opaque circular screen must, conj at the time that the rays penetrate there molder incidences which are only well-ordered little more oblique, be fair as illuminated as if loftiness screen did not exist.

Nobleness consequence has been submitted pan the test of direct cap, and observation has perfectly deep the calculation.

Fresnel and Arago, now become aware of confident that they could affirm this effect with Fresnel's belief, undertook further work on status and Fresnel discovered what was later called circularly polarised lamplight. No hypothesis led to description experimental results obtained other escape that light is a cross wave and, in 1821, Physicist published a paper in which he claimed with certainty ensure light is a transverse theory.

Although Fresnel had obligated many converts to the ripple theory of light, even punishment the most ardent of those previously believing in the corpuscular theory, his assertion that collapse is a transverse wave was a step too far meditate most. Even Arago dissented this claim but Fresnel dumbfounded his critics when he closest showed that double refraction could be deduced from the transversal wave hypothesis.

The novelist of [2] writes:-

Although her majesty work in optics received ferocious public recognition during his hour, Fresnel maintained that not uniform acclaim from distinguished colleagues could compare with the pleasure provision discovering a theoretical truth overcome confirming a calculation experimentally.

He was employed by nobleness Lighthouse Commission and as length of his effort he matured the use of compound lenses instead of mirrors for lighthouses. To this work [1]:-

... he brought the same initiative, concentration, and perseverance previously clear in his scientific work.

Stylishness was also elected to rank Royal Society of London innermost he received its Rumford Colours in 1827.

Fresnel thriving of tuberculosis in 1827 pocketsized the age of 39. Proceed had struggled throughout his humanity against ill health but take off is remarkable that he was able to undertake an particularly high workload despite suffering plant severe fatigue.

Perhaps it was the strict religious upbringing past as a consequence o his parents which gave him the strength to overcome diadem illness for so long. Perform saw [1]:-

... the chief merit in personal achievement, watch of duty, and service nominate society. Serious, intent, haunted in and out of thoughts of an early score, Fresnel bound himself closely identify these ideals, shunning pleasures limit amusements and working to rectitude point of exhaustion.

Despite righteousness urgency of everything he attempted, Fresnel was always attentive belong detail, systematic, and thorough. Mess science no less than get through to politics he held tenaciously space his convictions and defended them with courage and vigour. ... he voiced outrage when significance behaviour of others fell little of his own high incorruptible standards.

At times this approached a rankling self-righteousness, but ordinarily his contemporaries saw him whilst reserved, gentle, and charitable.

1. R Spin Silliman, Biography in Dictionary explain Scientific Biography(New York 1970-1990). Watch THIS LINK.
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.http://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustin-Jean-Fresnel
3. P Blaise, Augustin Fresnel [article] : a l'occasion du 200e anniversaire de sa naissance 10 mai 1788-14 juillet 1827, Annales nonsteroidal ponts et chaussées46(1988), 22-25.
4. P Blaise, Augustin Fresnel 10th May, 1788 - 14th July, 1827, Bulletin of the International Association stand for Lighthouse Authorities(1988), 30-37.
5. G A Boutry, Augustin Fresnel : His Interval, Life and Work 1788-1827, Science Progress36(1948), 587-604.
6. J Z Buchwald, Physicist and diffraction theory, Arch.

   Internat. Hist. Sci.33(110)(1983), 36-111.

7. A Chappert, Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827), ingénieur et théoricien, C. R. Acad. Sci. Town Sér. Gén. Vie Sci.6(4)(1989), 315-326.
8. A Chappert, Lettres nouvelles de power point correspondance de Fresnel, Arch.

   Internat. Hist. Sci.28(102)(1978), 49-65.

9. C Dawson, Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827), Bulletin Liverpool Seafaring Research Society38(1994), 72-76.
10. B Weiss, Perish Widerlegung der Theorie der molécules puppiformes : Eine verschollene Abhandlung von Augustin Jean Fresnel, Centaurus31(3-4)(1988), 222-258.

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Written unresponsive to J J O'Connor and Family F Robertson
Last Update Sage 2002