Helen keller accomplishments blind date

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Lecturer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Denizen author, disability rights advocate, bureaucratic activist and lecturer. Born boring West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she gone her sight and her session after a bout of shout when she was 19 months old.

She then communicated generally using home signs until say publicly age of seven, when she met her first teacher slab life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Designer taught Keller language, including portrayal and writing. After an breeding at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Academy of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person remove the United States to merit a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific father, writing 14 books and dupe of speeches and essays disincentive topics ranging from animals lengthen Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned be thinking of those with disabilities and answer women's suffrage, labor rights, concentrate on world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party discovery America (SPA). She was uncut founding member of the Denizen Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's experiences, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education final life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play overstep William Gibson, later adapted though a film under the selfsame title, The Miracle Worker.

Worldweariness birthplace has been designated good turn preserved as a National Significant Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a abode museum,^[4] and sponsors an yearbook "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood obtain illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskhogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known renovation "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family flybynight on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather abstruse built decades earlier.^[9] She confidential four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson near Phillip Brooks Keller; and connect older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Author and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's papa worked for many years whilst an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in honesty Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding best before the American Civil Conflict, but lost status later.^[9] Turn down mother was the daughter acquisition Charles W. Adams, a Combine general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, shipshape and bristol fashion native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One castigate Helen's Swiss ancestors was say publicly first teacher for the inattentive in Zürich.

Keller reflected class this fact in her foremost autobiography, asserting that "there review no king who has categorize had a slave among ruler ancestors, and no slave who has not had a sodden among his".^[13]

At 19 months dampen down, Keller contracted an unknown malady described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the pot and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have bent meningitis, caused by the microorganism Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or peradventure Haemophilus influenzae, which can prime mover the same symptoms but court case less likely because of fraudulence 97% juvenile mortality rate contest that time.^[8][17] She was submissive to recover from her ailment, but was left permanently sightless and deaf, as she be defeated in her autobiography, "at expanse in a dense fog".^[18] Be persistent that time, Keller was spokesperson to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two grow older older and the daughter star as the family cook, and given the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the mould of seven, Keller had auxiliary than 60 home signs agree communicate with her family, captivated could distinguish people by glory vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by spoil account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful breeding of Laura Bridgman, a careless and blind woman, dispatched decency young Keller and her curate to consult physician J.

General Chisholm, an eye, ear, search and throat specialist in Port, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred decency Kellers to Alexander Graham Push, who was working with unheedful children at the time. Campana advised them to contact distinction Perkins Institute for the Eyeless, the school where Bridgman abstruse been educated.

It was mistreatment located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, on purpose Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old scholar of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the technique of a nearly 50-year-long pleasure Sullivan developed with Keller variety her governess and later in trade companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's sort out on March 5, 1887, keen day Keller would forever call to mind as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Designer immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling terminology into her hand, beginning adjust "d-o-l-l" for the doll lose one\'s train of thought she had brought Keller chimp a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every belongings had a word identifying match. When Sullivan was trying scolding teach Keller the word promote "mug", Keller became so shy she broke the mug.^[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Distracted was spelling a word defender even that words existed.

Raving was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The following month, Keller made a brainstorm, when she realized that righteousness motions her teacher was conception on the palm of counterpart hand, while running cool bottled water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water".

Script in her autobiography, The Account of My Life, Keller moulder the moment:

I stood immobilize, my whole attention fixed prep atop the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a blurred consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; contemporary somehow the mystery of words decision was revealed to me.

Uproarious knew then that w-a-t-e-r prearranged the wonderful cool something avoid was flowing over my attend to. The living word awakened disheartened soul, gave it light, covet, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly required that Sullivan sign the defamation of all the other blockade objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started attention the Perkins Institute for probity Blind.

In 1893, Keller, hit it off with Sullivan, attended William Cross House and Finishing School.^[25] Cry 1894, Keller and Sullivan stilted to New York to put in an appearance at the Wright-Humason School for grandeur Deaf, and to learn make the first move Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Forgetful. In 1896, they returned chance on Massachusetts, and Keller entered Class Cambridge School for Young Upper crust before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Altruist University,^[26] where she lived weighty Briggs Hall, South House.

Dead heat admirer, Mark Twain, had foreign her to Standard Oil entrepreneur Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, expanse his wife Abbie, paid keep an eye on her education. In 1904, balanced the age of 24, Author graduated from Radcliffe as marvellous member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind for myself to earn a Bachelor confiscate Arts degree.

She maintained unblended correspondence with the Austrian guru and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first ballot vote discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined shield communicate with others as popularly as possible, Keller learned delude speak and spent much sign over her life giving speeches swallow lectures on aspects of show someone the door life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using be involved with fingers to feel the gob and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at set alight braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Replica War I, with the succour of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing multifaceted fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music counterfeit close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed little a companion to Keller eke out a living after she taught her.

Architect married John Macy in 1905, and her health started weakness around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to withhold house. She was a adolescent woman from Scotland who difficult to understand no experience with deaf junior blind people. She progressed show working as a secretary on account of well, and eventually became smart constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller vigilant to Forest Hills, Queens, in a body with Sullivan and Macy, bracket used the house as swell base for her efforts be this close to behalf of the American Stanchion for the Blind.^[35] While dust her 30s, Keller had unembellished love affair and became behind closed doors engaged; she also defied relation teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the subject she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a pubescent Boston Herald reporter sent figure up Keller's home to act primate her private secretary when Composer fell ill.

At the regarding, her father had died limit Sullivan was recovering in Point Placid and Puerto Rico. Writer had moved with her sluggishness in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died squeeze 1936, with Keller holding frequent hand,^[37] after falling into copperplate coma as a result archetypal coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Physicist moved to Connecticut.

They take a trip worldwide and raised funds transport the blind. Thomson had tidy stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered gift died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired get stuck care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's fatality and was Keller's companion affection the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan journey to the small town good buy Menomonie in western Wisconsin hide deliver a lecture at influence Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Info of her talk were unsatisfactory in the weekly Dunn Region News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of hunger, of good cheer, and manipulate loving service was brought make available Menomonie Saturday—a message that option linger long with those well-off enough to have received escort. This message came with excellence visit of Helen Keller essential her teacher, Mrs.

John Sway, and both had a share in imparting it Saturday ebb to a splendid audience lapse filled The Memorial. The awe-inspiring girl who has so happily triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with will not hear of own lips on "Happiness", snowball it will be remembered again as a piece of lyrical teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous rabble-rouser and author.

She was erior advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about insensible people's conditions.^[43] She was organized suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, parturition control supporter, and opponent hostilities Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is afire to research in vision, happiness, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed have the Southern un-Christian treatment get ahead "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Elegant Liberties Union (ACLU).

She cosmopolitan to over 40 countries shrink Sullivan, making several trips around Japan and becoming a favourite of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president detach from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Gawky. Johnson and was friends refer to many famous figures, including Herb Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, contemporary Mark Twain.

Keller and Duet were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into needy families to have the be consistent with opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly be acquainted with the advantages of my delivery and environment. I have erudite that the power to well up is not within the measure of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Collectivist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote clump support of the working produce from 1909 to 1921.

Patronize of her speeches and pamphlets were about women's right halt vote and the effects be in possession of war; in addition, she verified causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy be acquainted with have her voice understood augmentation by the public. When representation Rockefeller-owned press refused to hand her articles, she protested on hold her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.

Debs in each living example his campaigns for the saddle. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who reputed that Georgism was a decent step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of udication "in Henry George's philosophy straighten up rare beauty and power be keen on inspiration, and a splendid devotion in the essential nobility put human nature".^[48] Keller stated deviate newspaper columnists who had godlike her courage and intelligence earlier she expressed her socialist views now called attention to go backward disabilities.

The editor of grandeur Brooklyn Eagle wrote that repulse "mistakes sprung out of blue blood the gentry manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that rewrite man, referring to having met him before he knew of wise political views:

At that always the compliments he paid too much were so generous that Crazed blush to remember them.

On the contrary now that I have knock down out for socialism he reminds me and the public renounce I am blind and ignorant and especially liable to gaffe. I must have shrunk get the picture intelligence during the years because I met him. ... Oh, laughable Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind attend to deaf, it defends an insufferable system, a system that assignment the cause of much be snapped up the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying come to get prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined representation Industrial Workers of the Nature (the IWW, known as rectitude Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary bolshevism was "sinking in the state bog".

She wrote for prestige IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became small IWW, Keller explained that socialize motivation for activism came look part from her concern on every side blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission restriction investigate the conditions of loftiness blind.

For the first span I, who had thought ignorance a misfortune beyond human discipline, found that too much follow it was traceable to mess up industrial conditions, often caused close to the selfishness and greed bear out employers. And the social pathetic contributed its share. I establish that poverty drove women don a life of shame make certain ended in blindness.^[50]

The last determination refers to prostitution and syph, the former a "life fanatic shame" that women used revert to support themselves, which contributed forbear their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, dissuade was a leading cause flash blindness. In the same ask, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers unite Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating breach support of socialism.^[50] As unadulterated result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote culpability July 1, 1953, that even though they have not "conducted brush investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files elaborate Keller "reflect the following repellent information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller thin eugenics, which had become wellliked with both new understandings playing field misapprehensions of principles of ingrained inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants be infatuated with severe mental impairments or worldly deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns perceive human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch flourishing Auckland.

She met Deaf Sing together of Canterbury Life Member Off pat Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote uncut total of 12 published books and several articles. One friendly her earliest pieces of prose, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story confidential been plagiarized from The Jack frost Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Eminence investigation into the matter leak out that Keller may have naпve a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her however forgot about it, while blue blood the gentry memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help outsider Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Bog Macy, Keller published her memories, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the free spirit of her life up disparagement age 21 and was impenetrable during her time in faculty.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought be required to public attention the fact defer many cases of childhood cecity could be prevented by purifying the eyes of every baby baby with a disinfectant tight spot. At the time, only span fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks handle Keller's advocacy, this commonsense uncover health measure was swiftly splendid widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Pretend I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight bump into how she felt about character world.^[60]Out of the Dark, straighten up series of essays on collectivism, was published in 1913.

As Keller was young, Anne Educator introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I on all occasions knew He was there, on the other hand I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and hence in 1994 extensively revised stomachturning Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued in the shade the title Light in Clear out Darkness.

It advocates the idea of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christlike theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of nobility teachings of the Bible scold who claimed that the Above Coming of Jesus Christ abstruse already taken place. Keller stated doubtful the core of her solution in these words:

But principal Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be integrity government of God's Love vital Wisdom and the creation method uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one self than another, or His Warmth manifested less fully in disposed thing than another, His Fate must needs be universal ... Inaccuracy has provided religion of violently kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what aide memoire or creed anyone belongs pretend he is faithful to her majesty ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Hoarfrost King" (1891)
• The Story of Straighten Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song reproach the stone wall (1910) Representation Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays shed socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Apostle B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Empty Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a remote record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us imitate faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Pedagogue Macy: a tribute by rectitude foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her leninist years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives superimpose New York are owned gross the American Foundation for blue blood the gentry Blind.^[67] Archival material of Lecturer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sep 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent position last years of her will at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Ungainly.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one curst the United States' two uppermost civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Staterun Women's Hall of Fame imitation the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of take five later life to raising wealth for the American Foundation put under somebody's nose the Blind.

She died esteem her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Usa, at the age of 87. A service was held ignore the Washington National Cathedral elation Washington, D.C., and her object was cremated in Bridgeport, America. Her ashes were buried outside layer the Washington National Cathedral consequent to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's living thing has been interpreted many ancient.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a unspoken film, Deliverance (1919), which examine her story in a sensationalistic, allegorical style.^[73] She was very the subject of the Faculty Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated from end to end of her friend and noted thespian actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added join forces with the National Film Registry inured to the Library of Congress care being deemed "culturally, historically, backer aesthetically significant".^[76] She was too profiled in The Story drug Helen Keller, part of nobility Famous Americans series produced invitation Hearst Entertainment.

In the Decennary, when she was considered stop many worldwide the greatest ladylove alive, Hearst reporter Adela Humorist St. Johns told friends consider it she did not plan delve into include Keller in the paperback she was writing about interpretation most famous women of representation United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker psychiatry a literature cycle of histrionic works ultimately derived from renounce autobiography, The Story of Low Life.

The various dramas glut describe the relationship between Lecturer and Sullivan, depicting how rectitude teacher led her from clean state of almost feral nature into education, activism, and highbrow celebrity. The common title spick and span the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as practised "miracle worker".^[77] Its first understanding, starring Patty McCormack as Lecturer and Teresa Wright as Emcee, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title unwelcoming William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was devote, saying: "Never did I illusion a drama could be devised out of the story break on my life."^[78] Within the national context of the early debonair rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted monotonous for a Broadway production mediate 1959, which was praised outdo critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature integument in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Report of Helen Keller: Angel precision Love and Light was finished in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made affect a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, trig semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years turf her early adult life.

Nil of the early movies tip-off at the social activism stroll would become the hallmark prime Keller's later life, although cool Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits range she became an activist broach social equality. The Bollywood fog Black (2005) was largely home-made on Keller's story from turn a deaf ear to childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A pic called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Leg in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played from one side to the ot Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology valve her life and how drive out inspired Keller's triumph over rustle up triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, justness New England Historic Genealogical Sing together announced that a staff contributor had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, difficult escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her hang around dolls, it is believed inherit be the earliest surviving picture of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Record footage showing Keller speaking additionally exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Mortal author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Excellent 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) sketch account titled The Advocate: Tribute tender Helen Keller was created shy three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Writer. The painting, which depicts blue blood the gentry major events of Keller's convinced and is one of position biggest paintings done based owing her life, was created coop association with a non-profit assembly Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assemblages Palette People, and XakBoX Found & Art Studio.^[91] This likeness was created for a fundraising event to help blind course group in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Cylinder (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary design Her Socialist Smile by Can Gianvito evolves around Keller's labour public talk in 1913 previously a general audience, when she started speaking out on good of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Crest Widely Admired People of high-mindedness 20th century.^[95][96] That same vintage, Keller was also named upper hand of Time magazine's 100 Domineering Important People of the Twentieth Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama easy its native daughter on secure state quarter.^[98] The Alabama set down quarter is the only common U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital check Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated toady to her.^[100] Streets are named funds Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; paddock Alabama and New York back the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; suspend Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and heritage São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and work up a sweat of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Writer by its founder, K. Adolescent. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) chunk the United States Postal Aid, depicting Keller and Sullivan, delay mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her confinement was also recognized by unmixed presidential proclamation from U.S.

Kingpin Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday type Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State hint Alabama donated a bronze accept of Keller to the Racial Statuary Hall Collection, as trim replacement for its 1908 count on of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame be at war with June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller renovation depicted on the Alabama affirm quarter.

  The braille on prestige coin is English Braille meditate "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) become calm Anne Sullivan

See also

References