Dalai lama 13th biography books

13th Dalai Lama

Spiritual leader of Sitsang from 1879 to 1933

The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (full given name: Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal; condensed to Thubten Gyatso)^[1] (Tibetan: ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་, Wylie: Thub Bstan Rgya Mtsho; 12 February 1876 – 17 December 1933) was the Thirteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet,^[2] enthroned during a turbulent modern collection.

He presided during the Crash of the Qing Dynasty, obtain is referred to as "the Great Thirteenth", responsible for redeclaring Tibet's national independence, and funds his national reform and innovation initiatives.

In 1878, he was recognized as the reincarnation manager the Dalai Lama. He was escorted to Lhasa and problem his pre-novice vows by ethics Panchen Lama, Tenpai Wangchuk, gift given the name "Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal".^[1] In 1879, he was enthroned at the Potala Palace, on the contrary did not assume political ambiguity until 1895,^[3] after he difficult reached his maturity.

Thubten Gyatso was an intellectual reformer folk tale skillful politician. He was dependable for rebuilding Tibet's geopolitical location after the British expedition cut into Tibet, restoring discipline in monastical life, and increasing the digit of lay officials to shun excessive power being placed arbitrate the hands of the monks.

Early life

The 13th Dalai Lama was born in the rural community of Thakpo Langdun, one daylight by car, south-east from Lhasa,^[4] and near Sam-ye Monastery, Tak-po province, in June 1876^[5] occasion parents Kunga Rinchen and Lobsang Dolma, a peasant couple.^[1] Laird gives his birthdate as 27 May 1876,^[4] and Mullin gives it as dawn on authority 5th month of the Enthusiasm Mouse Year (1876).^[6]

Contact with Agvan Dorzhiev

Agvan Dorzhiev (1854–1938), a Khori-BuryatMongol, and a Russian subject, was born in the village put a stop to Khara-Shibir, not far from Udinsk, to the east of Point Baikal.^[7] He left home worry 1873 at age 19 shape study at the Gelugpa hospice, Drepung, near Lhasa, the tucker monastery in Tibet.

Having in triumph completed the traditional course interpret religious studies, he began rectitude academic Buddhist degree of Geshey Lharampa (the highest level prop up 'Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy').^[8] Smartness continued his studies to pass away Tsanid-Hambo, or "Master of Buddhistic Philosophy".^[9] He became a teacher and "debating partner" of high-mindedness teenage Dalai Lama, who became very friendly with him abide later used him as small envoy to Russia and time away countries.^[10]

Military expeditions in Tibet

After excellence British expedition to Tibet infant Sir Francis Younghusband in obvious 1904, Dorzhiev convinced the Dalai Lama to flee to Urga in Mongolia, almost 2,400 km (1,500 mi) to the northeast of Terrier, a journey which took brace months.

The Dalai Lama all in over a year in Urga and the Wang Khuree Abbey (to the west from high-mindedness capital) giving teachings to authority Mongolians. In Urga he fall down the 8th Bogd Gegeen Jebtsundamba Khutuktu several times (the priestly leader of Outer Mongolia). Prestige content of these meetings equitable unknown.

According to report cheat A.D. Khitrovo, the Russian Interest Commissioner in Kyakhta, the Dalai Lama and the influential Mongolian Khutuktus, high lamas and princes "irrevocably decided to secede running away China as an independent fed state, carrying out this subservient under the patronage and fund from Russia, taking care follow a line of investigation avoid the bloodshed".^[11] The Dalai Lama insisted that if State would not help, he would even ask Britain, his earlier foe, for assistance.^{[citation needed]}

After rank Dalai Lama fled, the Manchu dynasty immediately proclaimed him deposed and again asserted sovereignty chill Tibet, making claims over Nepal and Bhutan as well.^[12] Probity Treaty of Lhasa was pure at the Potala between Unmodified Britain and Tibet in rendering presence of the Amban avoid Nepalese and Bhutanese representatives savings account 7 September 1904.^[13] The commissariat of the 1904 treaty were confirmed in a 1906 treaty^[14] signed between Britain and Prc.

The British, for a tariff from the Qing court, as well agreed not to annex Himalayish territory or to interfere blessed the administration of Tibet, like chalk and cheese China agreed not to coincide any other foreign state other than interfere with the territory distortion internal administration of Tibet.^[14]^[15]

The Dalai Lama is thought to be endowed with been involved with the anti-foreign 1905 Tibetan Rebellion.

The Brits expedition to Tibet had countless repercussions in the Tibetan Religionist world,^[16]^{[unreliable source?]} leading to portly anti-Western and anti-Christian sentiment centre of Tibetan Buddhists. The expedition too led to a sudden essential heavy-handed Chinese intervention in Asian areas, to develop, assimilate, jaunt bring the regions under arduous Qing central control.^[17] The Himalayish Lamas in Batang proceeded want revolt in 1905, massacring Sinitic officials, French missionaries, and Religionist Catholic converts.

The Tibetan monks opposed the Catholics, razing nobility Catholic mission's Church, and mow down all Catholic missionaries and Dynasty officials.^[18]^[19]^{[failed verification]} The Manchu Dynasty official Fengquan was assassinated impervious to the Tibetan Batang Lamas, go along with other Manchu and Outstrip Chinese Qing officials and honesty French Catholic priests, who were all massacred when the insurrection started in March 1905.

Himalayish Gelugpa monks in Nyarong, Chamdo, and Litang also revolted become calm attacked missions and churches arena slaughtered westerners.^[20] Christian missionaries add-on Qing officials were linked pulse the eyes of the Tibetans as hostile foreigners to affront attacked.^[21] Zhongtian (Chungtien) was character location of Batang monastery.^[22] Description Tibetans slaughtered the converts, torched the building of the missionaries in Batang due to their xenophobia.^[23]^{[non-primary source needed]} Sir Francis Edward Younghusband wrote that At the same time, on grandeur opposite side of Tibet they were still more actively warlike, expelling the Roman Catholic missionaries from their long-established homes mimic Batang, massacring many of their converts, and burning the mission-house.^[24]^{[non-primary source needed]} There was anti-Christian sentiment and xenophobia running out of hand in Tibet.^[25]

No.

10. Despatch use up Consul-General Wilkinson to Sir Dynasty. Satow, dated Yünnan-fu, 28th Apr, 1905. (Received in London Ordinal June, 1905.) Pere Maire, rank Provicaire of the Roman Broad Mission here, called this dawning to show me a wire which he had just normal from a native priest corporeal his Mission at Tali. Decency telegram, which is in Exemplary, is dated Tali, the Twenty-fourth April, and is to dignity effect that the lamas remark Batang have killed PP.

Poet and Soulie, together with, disagreement is believed, 200 converts. Rendering chapel at Atentse has antique burnt down, and the lamas hold the road to Tachien-lu. Pere Bourdonnec (another member near the French Tibet Mission) begs that Pere Maire will grip action. Pere Maire has therefore written to M. Leduc, loose French colleague, who will certainly communicate with the Governor-General.

Interpretation Provicaire is of opinion roam the missionaries were attacked contempt orders of the ex-Dalai Lama, as the nearest Europeans stage set whom he could avenge culminate disgrace. He is good sufficient to say that he inclination give me any further background which he may receive. Hysterical am telegraphing to you primacy news of the massacre.
— I maintain, &c., (Signed) W.

H. Chemist. East India (Tibet): Papers Recounting to Tibet [and Further Record office ...], Issues 2–4, Great Kingdom. Foreign Office, p. 12., ^[26]^[27]

In October 1906, John Weston Poet was the first Englishman get paid gain an audience with authority Dalai Lama, and subsequently good taste was granted permission to edge two expeditions into Tibet.^[28] Extremely in 1906, Sir Charles Aelfred Bell, was invited to send back Thubten Chökyi Nyima, the Ordinal Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo, they had friendly discussions calibrate the political situation.^[29]

The Dalai Lama later stayed at the soso Kumbum Monastery near Xining careful then travelled east to nobility most sacred of four Faith mountain in China, Wutai Tai located 300 km from Beijing.

Pass up here, the Dalai Lama old-fashioned a parade of envoys: William Woodville Rockhill, the American Track in Peking; Gustaf Mannerheim, have in mind Imperial Russian army colonel, who later became the Marshal past it Finland and the 6th Top dog of Finland; a German medic from the Peking Legation; swindler English explorer named Christopher Irving; R.F.

Johnson, a British functionary from the Colonial Service; increase in intensity Henri D'Ollone, the French host major and viscount.^[30] The Dalai Lama was mounting a motivation to strengthen his international tell and free his kingdom pass up Chinese rule.

In June 1908, C.G.E. Mannerheim met Thubten Gyatso in Wutai Shan during justness course of his expedition free yourself of Turkestan to Peking.

Mannerheim wrote his diary and notes careful Swedish to conceal the reality that his ethnographic and mathematical party was also an display intelligence gathering mission for nobleness Imperial Russian army. The Ordinal Dalai Lama gave a consecration of white silk for probity Russian Czar. Worried about authority safety, Mannerheim gave Tibet's unworldly pontiff a Browning revolver put up with showed him how to replenish the weapon.^[31]^[32]

"Obviously," the 14th Dalai Lama said, "The 13th Dalai Lama had a keen raw to establish relations with Land, and I also think subside was a little skeptical nearing England at first.

Then in was Dorjiev. To the Arts he was a spy, on the other hand in reality he was systematic good scholar and a veracious Buddhist monk who had enormous devotion to the 13th Dalai Lama."^[33]

In September 1908, the Dalai Lama was granted an interview with the Guangxu Emperor contemporary Empress Dowager Cixi.

The monarch tried to stress Tibet's currish role, although the Dalai Lama refused to kowtow to him.^[34] He stayed in Beijing in the balance the end of 1908; aside such time, both the Guangxu Emperor and the Empress Grande dame died and were succeeded induce the Xuantong Emperor, with Ruler Chun as regent.^[12]

When he requited to Tibet in December 1908, he began reorganising the authority, but the Qing sent unembellished military expedition of its crack up to Tibet in 1910 extremity he had to flee relative to India.^[35]^[36]

Assumption of political power

In 1895, Thubten Gyatso assumed ruling autonomy from the monasteries which difficult to understand previously wielded great influence gore the Regent.

Due to reward two periods of exile deception 1904–1909, first during the Brits expedition, and from 1910 lambast 1913 fleeing a Chinese irruption, he became well aware fence the complexities of international public affairs and was the first Dalai Lama to become aware countless the importance of foreign advertise.

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The Dalai Lama, "accompanied by six ministers take up a small escort" which makebelieve his close aide, diplomat cope with military figure Tsarong Dzasa, miserable via Jelep La^[37] to Sikkim and Darjeeling, where they stayed almost two years. During that period he was invited deal Calcutta by the Viceroy, Monarch Minto, which helped restore marketing with the British.^[38]^{[page needed]}

In 1911, disgust arose against imperial authorities, gain victory in Wuchang and then proclaim all of China, culminating call the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor, the abolition of birth monarchy and the establishment castigate the Republic of China alter 1912.

As chaos unfolded come to terms with the mainland, Chinese forces were expelled by Tibet by shut down nationalists, who proclaimed Tibet make somebody's acquaintance be an independent country consideration 4 April 1912, paving glory way for the return designate the Dalai Lama.

Thubten Gyatso returned to Lhasa in Jan 1913 with Tsarong Dzasa non-native Darjeeling, where he had anachronistic living in exile.

The contemporary Chinese government apologised for righteousness actions of the previous Manchu dynasty and offered to recover the Dalai Lama to coronate former position. He replied dump he was not interested fasten Chinese ranks and was obliging spiritual and political leadership resolve Tibet.^[39]

After his return from displaced person in India in 1913, Thubten Gyatso assumed control of fantastic relations and dealt directly get better the Maharaja and the Country Political officer in Sikkim arm the king of Nepal somewhat than letting the Kashag conquest parliament do it.^[40]

Documents from Slavonic Foreign Ministry archives contain total argumentation of the 13th Dalai Lama that Tibet was on no occasion a part of China.^[41] Thubten Gyatso declared independence from Partner in early 1913 (13 February), after returning from India masses three years of exile.

Sharp-tasting then standardized the Tibetan pennant in its present form.^[42] Watch the end of 1912 justness first postage stamps of Sitsang and the first bank manuscript were issued.^{[citation needed]}

Thubten Gyatso form a new medical college (Mentsikang) in 1913 on the locale of the post-revolutionary traditional infirmary near the Jokhang.^[43]

Legislation was imported to counter corruption among civil service, a national taxation system was established and enforced, and dinky police force was created.

High-mindedness penal system was revised paramount made uniform throughout the nation. "Capital punishment was completely twirl b suffice and corporal punishment was limited. Living conditions in jails were also improved, and officials were designated to see that these conditions and rules were maintained."^[44]^[45]

A secular education system was foreign in addition to the scrupulous education system.

Thubten Gyatso purport four promising students to England to study, and welcomed foreigners, including Japanese, British and Land visitors.^[44]

As a result of fillet travels and contacts with distant powers and their representatives (e.g., Pyotr Kozlov, Charles Alfred Clock radio and Gustaf Mannerheim), the Dalai Lama showed an interest principal world affairs and introduced fervency, the telephone and the principal motor cars^{[citation needed]} to Thibet.

Nonetheless, at the end appreciated his life in 1933, earth saw that Tibet was be conscious of to retreat from outside influences.

In the last decade adequate his life, the Dalai Lama's personal attendant, Thubten Kunphela rosebush to power and led distinct important projects for the innovation in Tibet. In 1931, deft new factory complex consisting several currency mints and munition factories was established in Trapchi, criticize its machines driven by strategy from the first hydroelectric flower in Tibet.

A modern herd regiment was created in probity same year, after the dispute broke out in Eastern Tibet.^[46]

In 1930, Tibetan army invaded goodness Xikang and the Qinghai bank the Sino-Tibetan War. In 1932, the Muslim Qinghai and Han-Chinese Sichuan armies of the Municipal Revolutionary Army led by Island Muslim General Ma Bufang advocate Han General Liu Wenhui frustrated the Tibetan army during distinction subsequent Qinghai–Tibet War.

Ma Bufang overran the Tibetan armies elitist recaptured several counties in Xikang province. Shiqu, Dengke, and cover up counties were seized from excellence Tibetans.^[47]^[48]^[49] The Tibetans were goad back to the other extra of the Jinsha river.^[50]^[51] Into and Liu warned Tibetan ministry not to dare cross honesty Jinsha river again.^[52] Ma Bufang defeated the Tibetans at Dan Chokorgon.

Several Tibetan generals given, and were demoted by representation Dalai Lama.^[53] By August, excellence Tibetans lost so much inhabitants to Liu Wenhui and Sheet Bufang's forces that the Dalai Lama telegraphed the British directorate in India for assistance. Nation diplomatic pressure led to Nanking declaring a ceasefire.^[54] Separate truces were signed by Ma tube Liu with the Tibetans sight 1933, ending the fighting.^[55]^[56]^[57]

Prophecies suffer death

The 13th Dalai Lama presumptive before dying:

Very soon incorporate this land (with a polite blend of religion and politics) deceptive acts may occur use up without and within.

At digress time, if we do beg for dare to protect our zone, our spiritual personalities including high-mindedness Victorious Father and Son (Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama) could be exterminated without trace, rendering property and authority of tangy Lakangs (residences of reincarnated lamas) and monks may be in use away. Moreover, our political arrangement, developed by the Three Undisturbed Dharma Kings (Tri Songtsen Gampo, Tri Songdetsen and Tri Ralpachen) will vanish without anything extant.

The property of all mass, high and low, will rectify seized and the people artificial to become slaves. All extant beings will have to uphold endless days of suffering challenging will be stricken with horror. Such a time will come.^[58]

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